Published in Vijayvaani
The
main purpose of Ramavatara was the killing of Ravana. Rama went to Ravana's
abode and destroyed him. That happened in Lanka, the city of Ravana. The
location of Lanka was not in doubt at all until recently. It was common
knowledge that Ravana's Lanka was in Sri Lanka on the other side of the sea which
can be reached by the Setu bund that starts from Dhanushkodi. Even Al Biruni,
the Persian scholar had written that Setu was built by the Vanaras of Rama’s
army to reach Lanka. This view changed after the arrival of the British who
refused to believe that the Ramayana depicts the true events in the life of
Rama and rejected it as a mythical story.
Following
their footsteps, our countrymen also started exploring but ended up confusing
the common man on the reality of Ramayana. In the name of 'research' they
refused to accept that Ravana lived in today's Sri Lanka. There are others who are willing to believe
that Ramayana is true but locate Lanka in Bharat but not in Sri Lanka. So, the
purpose of this article is to establish the location Ravana's Lanka by
addressing the three main issues raised by scholars. Let's examine each of
them.
1.
There are many Lanka-s in India.
Many
places in our country bear the name Lanka. Some analysts say that one of them
must have been Ravana's Lanka. There is a Lanka located at Sonpur in the state
of Orissa wherein a temple called 'Lankeswari' is situated on a hill in the
middle of the river Mahanadi. It is also pointed out that Sonpur was once
called 'Paschima Lanka'.
Lankeswari
Others
claim that 'Indrana' mountain near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh could have been
Ravana’s Lanka. It is situated in the middle of river Narmada. Others say that
'Amarkantak', the place where the Narmada River originates, should be Ravana's
Lanka. And some researchers say that Bastar in Madhya Pradesh was the original
Lanka occupied by Ravana. A place called Bhagatrav on the Gujarat coast is also
not spared. This was identified as Lanka of Ravana by some other researchers.
Ravana
is worshipped in places like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Many of these
places end up with the name Lanka. Therefore, some people are of the opinion
that Ravana must have lived in this area. Moreover, not many are ready to
believe that Rama travelled all through the length of Bharat to reach the southeast
shore of Bharat to cross the ocean. So, they take an easy route of believing
that Rama crossed Narmada and ended up at some Lanka within Bharat.
2.
Sri Lanka at a distance of one hundred yojanas
Another
reason for locating Lanka within our country is based on a specific detail
given by Sampati. When the Vanaras were dejected being unable to find out Sita,
they met Sampati on the fringes of the Vindhya mountains. Sampati was aware of
the abduction of Sita by Ravana and informed the Vanaras of Sita’s confinement
in Ravana's city, Lanka, which he said was a hundred yojanas away (V.R.:
4-58-20). From which place Lanka is 100 yojanas away?
According
to some, it referred to the location of Sampati in the Vindhyas. They reason
out that Mahendragiri in Orissa is roughly 100 yojanas away from Lanka. Assuming
that a yojana is 8 miles long, Mahendragiri is 1424 km (884 miles) from Colombo
which is more than 100 yojanas. This calculation goes with the presumption that
Hanuman jumped from Mahendragiri hill in Orissa to the location of Ravana in
Sri Lanka, but never in the history of our country is there a reference to
Hanuman jumping from Orissa to Lanka. But this is not of any concern to the
researchers who are stuck with the 100 yojana distance mentioned by Sampati.
3.
Lanka on the equator
Thirdly,
it is said that Lanka is not Sri Lanka because astronomical texts such as Surya
Siddhanta and Siddhanta Shiromani say that the axis of the earth which passes
through Kurukshetra and Ujjain touches Lanka on the equator in a straight line.
Another
reason given is that the Ramayana refers to the building of Setu for a stretch
of 100 yojanas (V.R: 6-22). It should be equivalent to 800 miles as per the
conversion of 1 yojana equal to 8 miles. But the Ram Setu is only 30 kilometers long. This
makes certain researchers conclude that Ram Setu which connects Sri Lanka was
not the original Setu built by Rama with the help of the Vanaras. According to
them it must be somewhere down south in the Indian Ocean on the equator. When
calculated, equator is more than 100 yojanas (800 miles) from the tip of
Bharat. Where the imaginary line of the earth’s axis joins the equator there is
deep sea and no land mass is found. This doesn’t dampen the confidence of these
researchers who claim that Lanka must have been submerged in the sea.
Let
us see if these views are acceptable.
Meaning
of Lanka.
The
term Lanka is found applied to many locations in Bharat. The mystery behind it
is solved by Tamil dictionaries and thesaurus which define Lanka as a raised
land in the middle of water. When a mass of land is left untouched by water
that flows around it, the landmass is called ‘Ilangai’ in Tamil which is also
known as Lanka. Such a landmass appears like an island. A thesaurus called
Senthan Divakara Nighantu states,
"Lanka,
Turutthi and Arangam” are the names of landforms created by the meandering of a
river.
Another
text called Bingala Nighantu repeats the same names as above including Lanka
for the raised land, formed by waterbodies running around them. Arangam
appearing as one among them, we understand the name-cause for Sri Rangam, which
is in the middle of river Kaviri. There are interpretations for what Srirangam
means, but the name is basically derived from the landform created by a river
winding around it. In most locations such land deposits in the middle of water
have been named as Lanka.
'Lankeswari'
is derived from the fact that it is situated on a hill in the middle of the
Mahanadi. Sonpur where it is situated is known as Paschima Lanka, which means
western Lanka. The Ramayana does not say that Lanka existed in the west. Lanka
is in the south and there are twenty-five hymns sung by Alwars that Ravana’s
Lanka was in the South. They called it ‘Thennilangai’, meaning Southern
Lanka. Therefore, Lankeswari is no way related to Lanka of Ravana.
Similarly,
other places like Indrana and Amarkantak fall within the riverine system of 'Lanka'.
There are many Lankas in the Narmada, all of which are in the middle of the
river. In the middle of the river Godavari too, there are Lankas. If we look at
the origin of this name, it appears in the language of Munda, the indigenous tribal
people of our country. In our country there are Lankas in the riverbed, in the
middle of lakes, as islands, and even as mountains that stands alone in the
plains. Tamil Sangam literature also speak about a ‘Maa- Ilangai’. Thus, there
have been sporadic Lankas from Assam to Tamilnadu that one should not be
carried over by the name Lanka found in Bharat.
Generality
of the number hundred
Next,
the hundred yojana distance given by Sampati is taken up for analysis. After saying that Lanka was 100 yojanas from
his place in the Vindhyas (V.R: 4-58-20), he says after a few verses that one must
cross a hundred yojanas in the sea (V.R: 4-58-24). By the reference to 100
yojanas in two different contexts in the same speech, it appears that it is
given as a general number.
The
100 yojana gets mentioned again when Hanuman crosses the ocean. Here, Samudra
Raja asks Mount Mainaka to give Hanuman a place to rest and continues to say
that Hanuman needs to take rest after having travelled 100 yojanas; only then
he can cross the remaining distance easily, says Samudra Raja. This gives the
opinion that the traveling distance across the ocean is more than 100 yojanas. But
the total distance to be travelled across the ocean is 100 yojanas which
Valmiki states after Hanuman crosses the ocean (V.R: 5-1-200).
In
the meantime, it is said that Hanuman enlarged his body by the size of 90
yojanas when he entered the mouth of Surasa, the mother of snakes who
intercepted Hanuman (V.R: 5-1-166). By having grown 90 yojanas in size, Hanuman
could have crossed the sea from there with that body, but he didn’t or
couldn’t. So, it seems that the number one
hundred seems to have been used to denote larger size. It doesn’t represent the
real term in 100 yojanas.
Sita,
too, on receiving Hanuman as the emissary was glad that at last her travails
are coming to an end. This she said by stating that if only one survives, one
will enjoy happiness even after a hundred years (V.R: 5-34-6). Therefore, 100
is expressed to denote a big number or a standard number which should not be
taken in face value. Lanka is 100 yojanas away could only mean to express a
long distance. That the sea was 100 yojanas long to reach Lanka, is meant to express
a long distance to be crossed across the sea.
Lanka
in Astronomy
Based
on what we have already mentioned for the meaning of Lanka, it is understood
that the Lanka on the equator must have been an island surrounded by sea. It
could have been even a small land sufficient to hold an observatory in the
equatorial region. On the world map, if a straight line is drawn by connecting
Kurukshetra and Ujjain it touches the Maldives groups of islands in the
equator. Today there is no land where the axis of the earth passes through.
There is only sea water there but surrounded by small islands of Maldives.
Maldives
was known as “Pazham theevu Panneerayiram” (12,000 Olden islands) in the
inscriptions of Rajaraja Chola. Those islands were conquered by the Cholas
thousand years ago, but it is doubtful whether any island was on the equator on
the line of axis of the earth at that time. Compared to the olden name of
Maldives having 12,000 islands, there are less than 1200 islands today indicating
scope for loss of many small islands into the sea. The Astronomical point of
Lanka also must have gone into the sea long before, for, there exists no record
of that Lanka anywhere.
That
was not Ravana’s Lanka, but Maldives seems to have a connection to the Ramayana
because the names sound like the names of Ravana’s maternal ancestors. Maldives
and its capital Male are phonetically like the name of Mali, the younger
brother of Sumali, Ravana's maternal grandfather. Somalia on the eastern coast
of Africa close to Maldives sounds like Sumali. Another place, Malawa in east
Africa on the side of Maldives, reminds us of Malyavan, the brother of Ravana’s
grandfather. It appears more appropriate to relate these places with the
ancestral regions of Ravana and not as Ravana’s abode. From there, Lanka (Sri
Lanka) is just across the sea and easily reachable. The Sumali brothers married
their daughter, Kaikasi, to Pulastya who lived in Lanka in the Sri Lankan
region.
Southern
Lanka
In
25 hymns, the Azhwars have mentioned 'Southern Lanka' to say that the Lanka
ruled by Ravana existed only in Sri Lanka. Two hymns specifically state that
Lanka is in the south. Thondaradipodi Azhwar in his composition Thirumalai (verse
19) states that Lanka is to the south of Srirangam.
Another
Azhwar by name, Nammaazhwar has also written that Ravana's Lanka was in the
south direction (Thiruviruththam -77). So, it is better not to be misled by
researchers who are looking for Lanka in Narmada and Godavari.
The
Azhwars mention Lanka in 134 hymns, of which 22 hymns mention Lanka as being surrounded
by sea water, making it clear that the various Lankas in Bharat have nothing to
do with Ravana's Lanka. Moreover, in the Ramayana itself, it is said that Lanka
is on the opposite side of the sea. Ravana himself tells Sita that Lanka is in
the middle of the sea (V.R: 3-47-29).
Yet,
doubts are being raised on Ravana’s Lanka in Sri Lanka for various reasons. Is
it Sri Lanka or Ceylon? Since Simhala also refers to Sri Lanka, how to justify
that Lanka was there? Was the entire Sri Lanka known as Lanka or only a part of
it? Since Sri Lanka was also mentioned
as 'Tambapanni' in the past, how true that it was Ravana’s Lanka? Was the
entire Sri Lanka occupied by Ravana in the Ramayana time? These questions must
be answered before zeroing in on Lanka of Ravana. We will take up these issues
in the next article.
(To be continued)
