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A recent article in The
New York Times lamented about the excellent
arrangements made for the Kumbha Mela at Prayagraj as something
abominable and done with the aim of catching votes! Even the development of
amenities, construction of roads and flyovers and ban on letting out tannery
effluents into the Ganga were commented upon by this newspaper as agenda-driven
to keep the Hindu vote bank in good humour. While this is nothing but an expression
of a sick mind, one accusation needs to be cleared to set the record straight
and also to keep the Hindus informed of how this event was managed in the past.
The report has termed this Kumbha Mela as ‘State
sponsorship’ of the religion of the Hindus. It ‘justifies’ this criticism
by quoting a figure of $600 million as having gone into the making of a number
of bridges, roads, flyovers, trashcans, toilets etc for the visiting
population. While this is nothing but long term investment benefiting the
entire region, what the newspaper had failed to understand is that this event
was not just Paraygraj-centric, but is celebrated all over India wherever there
are temples. And in all those temples, this event was sponsored by the kings
or/ and by the community living around the temple in olden days. Temple
inscriptions stand as evidence for ‘State sponsorship’ of this event in those
temples.
This event is a yearly
affair even now in the temples of Tamilnadu and celebrated on the Full Moon of
the month of Kumbha (Aquarius) by the name “Maasi Magham”. Gods
themselves are taken out in a procession and given bath in the sea, or river or
confluence of rivers or in a nearby tank, in the absence of access to other
water bodies. In the very heart of the capital city Chennai, in the temple of Adhipureeswarar
in Tiruvottriyur, there stands a pillar inscription on the gift of money by an assembly of members for conducting this
festival which we call as Kumbh Mela today.
(Source:
Inscriptions Of The Madras Presidency Vol.I by Rangacharya.V.)
An inscription found in the Devanatha Perumal
temple of Tiruvaheendipuram in Cuddalore conveys about the grant of land
and tax exemption for generating money for conducting this festival. The
mention of tax exemption makes it clear that the grant was ‘State- sponsored’.
Maasi Magham, the annual celebration of Kumbha Mela celebrated
even now in the temples of Tamilnadu had been continuing from an undated past
if we look at a verse of Sangam text called ‘Pattinappalai’. This text,
presumably written before the start of the Common Era refers to a temple on the
shore of Pumpukar, known as ‘Magha viṇmeen kottam’ (temple of
Magha star).
By the name of it, this temple was exclusively meant
for Magha festival when Moon becomes full in Magha star in the month of Maasi
(Sun in Aquarius). Today this temple is not there – perhaps lost into the sea
due to successive inundation experienced in Pumpukar in the past. But
the reference to this in southern most part of India makes Kumbha festival a
pan-Indian festival and the oldest one in recorded history, with the Sangam
text testifying its antiquity.
The text continues to mention about two lakes
associated with it and named as ‘material desire of present birth’ and ‘desire
of future birth’ (Ulagiyal immai-k kaamam, Marumai-k kaamam).
These names being self- descriptive, it is obvious that people had taken sacred
bath in these lakes on Maasi Magham for material gains in this birth and future
birth. The entire community – who were all Hindus and none else – have
considered this occasion as sacred and worthy of a dip in the waters.
This concept must have been there in temples of
North India too and supported by the kings of yore. But with temples
becoming the target of the invaders of alien faith that culture had vanished in
north India, and Kumbh Mela revived in later centuries. The Wikipedia
article giving a recent genesis for Kumbha Mela is an evidence of the revival
of this festival by a beleaguered civilization limping back to normalcy. What
is wrong in keeping up this ancient practice in its glory? Is it not the duty
of the State to preserve this culture that has been continuing for more than
2000 years, going by the reference found in the Tamil Sangam text? The mischievous
article in The New York Times is against humanity in having cast aspersions
on the conduction of a heritage practice that a civilised society is expected
to cherish.
Before ending, let us know about the uniqueness the
holy dip at Prayagraj which is considered supreme. The reason, as told in Mahabharata
(13-25) is that ten thousand tirthas and thirty crores of other tirthas are
supposed to come to Prayagraj in the month of Magha. Therefore a dip at
Prayagraj in the month of Magha and on the day of Full moon is supposed to
be equal to taking dips at all the tirthas of Bharat. The one who takes the dip
is cleansed of his sins and attains heaven, says Bhishma to Yudhsithira.
The description in this chapter doesn’t restrict the event to once in 12 years
or 6 years but to every year. Sacredness is attached to the astronomical
combination occurring every year.
The 12 year and the like are related to the movement
of Jupiter reckoned in the calendar of Jupiter Era or Barhaspatya-mana
at the height of Vedic culture. The calendar system was different then with
five years making a yuga and 7 yugas making a 35 year cycle. The location of
Jupiter during different yugas of this cycle was immortalised into Kumbh Mela
years later, when Vedic culture was on the wane. The continuity without losing
the advantage of the astronomical combination of the day makes Kumbha Mela the oldest
continuing practice – something not found in any other part of the world.
Let us celebrate this fact on this sacred month of Kumbh Mela.
Update on December 8, 2019 Check out my videos describing the Vedic view of to and fro oscillation of the equinoxes within 54 degrees and the polar shifts within 54 degree arc of the sky.
Understanding equinoxes the Vedic way
Identifying the northern pole stars in the Vedic concept of 54 degree oscillation.
The most vexatious and the least understood idea of
‘precession’ of equinoxes had a re-run of the same kind in an
article (reproduced below)##
that I recently read. Behind the attractive title of when Makar Sankaranti was
first celebrated, the reader is offered three synchronies, (1) coincidence of
Uttarayana (winter solstice) with Makar Sankaranti, (2) Makar Sankaranti coinciding with Til
harvest and (3) the current date of Makar Sankaranti coinciding with the date
of Uttarayana during the period of Nilaknatha Somayaji in 1500s.
With due respects to the author of these
synchronies, let me state that none of these do matter in understanding Uttarayana
or Makar Sankaranti and the article offers no justification to the question in
the title, “When did we first celebrate Makar
Sankaranti?” Without attempting to answer this question which is historical
in nature, attempts of the author to find its synchronies using modern software
could only confound mis-information. The answers do not lie in the astronomy
software but in understanding the domain knowledge of what our ancient rishis
watched in the sky and for what they used that knowledge.
To give a sample idea of what this domain knowledge
was like, a verse in Brihad Samhita says (Ch 3- 4) that if the sun
commences its northward movement (Uttarayana) before reaching Makara
(Capricorn) it would bring evil on the west and south. Similarly if it turns
towards south (Dakshinayana) before it reaches Kataka (Cancer), it would cause
harm to east and north. What this conveys is that it was well within the
knowledge of the rishis that the movement (ayana) is not constant and cannot synchronise
with Makara or Kataka at all times. It must have taken not just a few hundred
but thousands of years of observation of the movement of the Ayanas (of the sun)
and the terrestrial events related to the movement.
Today Uttarayana starts before the sun reaches
Makara – the same condition mentioned in Brihad samhita.
Interestingly no text speaks about Uttarayana after it slipped south of Makara
that is in Dhanus (Sagittarius) which had happened more than 1500 years ago.
The last time we hear about the conjunction of Makar Sankaranti and Uttarayana
is from Varahamihira. After that the next reference – plenty of them are there -
comes in the inscriptions of1000 years before present. Interestingly they refer
to “Uttarayana Sankaranti” and the dates concur
with Makara Sankaranti only and not the actual date of Uttarayana (sun turning
towards north after it reaches the southernmost point). That means Uttarayana to the south of Makara was never recognised
for rituals and instead it was combined with Makara Sankaranti – on the
date the sun enters Makara.
It is here the problem of non-synchronous synchrony
between the two has been taken up by modern researchers who think that we are
wrong in having “Uttarayana Sankaranti”. They
insist that Uttarayana must be recognised at the current location of northward
movement and adjust the dates of the festivals accordingly.
But the fact is that tropical solstice or Equinox do not determine the festivals or rituals of the Vedic society. Only the sun
and moon as Panchānga factors are reckoned for fixing the dates of festivals.
Today vernal equinox starts at 6 degrees of Pisces and modern reformers want us
to start Aries at that point. This is nothing but lack of domain knowledge of
Vedic astronomy – for, the month of Chaitra (Aries) is determined by the full moon happening in
Chitra star, but it does not happen so when the sign of Aries starts with the Sun
in 6th degree of Pisces. Vedic astronomy synchronises stars, sun and
the moon for identifying “time” for any ritual.
In the very beginning of Rig Jyothisha, it is said that knowledge of all these
is to know the effect of Time. This part –that is, effect-related- to-
celestial entities – is what makes Vedic astronomy
different from modern astronomy.
Another pet theory of modernists is that seasons
will change with precession, whereas ground reality is that the rainy season of
Ramayana had not changed even now. The reason is that sidereal position of the
sun is always kept intact whatever the precession may be. The purpose of Vedic
astronomy being identification of Time for rituals, constant course correction
is being done with stars as reference points. Due to this reason, rainy season
always starts in Ashada month and summer always peaks when the sun passes
through Krittika.
Fall of Abhijit (Vega in the constellation of Lyra).
While on the topic of Krittika, a major
mis-conception must be exposed on the so-called ‘fall’
of the star Abhijit. The article under
discussion refers to Abhijit as a pole star and a fallen star quoting secondary
sources. If only the primary source was analysed, the author would have known
that the ‘fall’ of Abhijit is not actually a fall in the literary sense of the
term but removal from the zodiac – in which case, the vacancy was filled by
Krittika!
This means that the star Krittika (Pleiades) was not
at all considered as part of the 27 stars of the zodiac at one time. From the
events described in Vana Parva of Mahabharata (ch 227 to 229), it is
known that Rohini was in the lead (equinox) once when Vishaka was a full star
and not divided between two signs as it is now between Libra and Scorpio. At
that time a huge fire (called Adbhuda) had ravaged
the lands and some re-design or re-organisation of the zodiac was done as a
result. Since events were connected with the transit of sun, the fire at Rohini
was a mismatch. So Krittika, a star group very much close-by (for naked eye
observation) was included with its deity identified as Agni.
Around the same time, it was noticed that Abhijit
which was reckoned at a place where Makara begins today (90 degrees to the left
of Rohini – with Rohini as the point of Vishu or equinox) had slipped southward.
That being the point of Uttarayana, and with Uttarayana no longer happening in
Abhijit, it was thought fit to revamp the zodiac with Abhijit expunged from the
star-group and substituted by Krittika in between Bharani and Rohini. In naked
eye observation they are seen to be cramped within a short span of space –
giving credence to the story that Krittika was added afterwards. That was the
time Skanda alias Muruga
was around according to the version in Mahabharata. He was very valorous and so was deified with a
mythological spin of six women, who happened to be the wives of six of the
seven rishis of the Sapta rishi Mandala (Ursa Major).
Here also an interesting astronomical truth is
encapsulated in Mahabharata. They ancient rishis had identified a companion for
each of the seven stars of the Sapta rishi mandala but had found that six of
them had changed position with only Arundhati retaining the
same location with reference to the star identified as her husband, Vashishta. To
give a mythological tinge to the deification of Skanda, the rishis had framed a
story that the six wives have turned into the six Krittika women who nursed
Skanda. All these events – the Adbhuda fire, the slip down of the northern movement of the sun to the south of Abhijit,
replacement of Abhijit with Krittika and change in the position of six
companion stars – had been noticed during the same period leading to a re-vamp
of the zodiac.
Skanda was repeatedly referred to as having taken up
the face of the goat
in the narration in Mahabharata – a reference to Mesha becoming the first
sign of the zodiac. In this set- up the maximum precession or
progression had happened within 27 degrees on either side of the zero degree
Aries which we celebrate as New Year or Vishu. This Vishu regressed upto 24
degrees as of today, but it doesn’t matter, it is going to swing back in
forward motion soon – that is the Vedic wisdom we gather from the ancient
texts.
To quote a source, Vayu Purana speaks about a
‘veethi’ (street)
concept (Ch 50- 130). It tells about a northern street called Naga veethi
and a southern street called Ajaveethi. It says
“when the sun rises
in the constellations Mula, Purvashada and Uttrashada it is called Ajaveethi.
When the sun rises during the rise of the three stars after Abhijit, it is
called Nagaveethi.”
After Abhijit, comes Shravana, Dhanishta and
Satabhishak. The verse is a clear indication of northern movement (Uttarayana )
of sun limited to the extent of Mula only. The three stars from Mula occurring
south of Makara, it was given the name, Southern street
(where Uttarayana happens as it is happening today). After crossing Makara –
where Abhijit was once located, the northern movement of the ayana could go
only upto Satabhishak after which the movement would be reversed. This part of
the movement was known as Northern street.
This is something unthinkable for the modern
researchers who are pushing the ayana and equinox relentlessly around the
zodiac. In reality the axial precession to the extent of less than 3 degrees
(between 22.1 to 24.5 degrees as per current research) can have the effect of a
rocking chair or a Tanjore doll, yes, the famous swaying doll of Tanjore!
The Tanjore doll (above) can sway back and forth but
would never topple. A society that sees everything from a cosmic and spiritual perspective
can be expected to have devised a play thing in a concept which is very easy to
understand.
The simple proof of how precession works is in the
latitudinal angle of tropic of cancer and Capricorn. It will always be the same
as the degree of tilt of the axis. Presently the axial tilt is 23.44 degrees.
That is the maximum limit of both the tropics. The sun reaches only upto the
extent of 23.44 degrees in the north and in the south of equator. With the tilt
changing from 22.1 to 24.5 degrees, that is the range within which the two
ayanas can travel. This view is expressed in terms Veethi concept with sidereal
reference in Vayu Purana.
The maximum extent that the sun can travel on both
sides of the equator can be upto Mula 3 degrees in the south and Satabhishak in
the north. Accordingly tropic of Sagittarius will mark the northern turn of the
sun from southern hemisphere (Uttarayana).It will be tropic of Gemini in the northern hemisphere marking the
southward turn in Dakshinayana. Beyond these two limits the sun can never be
seen in the backdrop of the stars of other signs. This oscillation is comparable
to the swaying motion of the Tanjore doll.
But why the researchers had thought that equinox and
ayanas would do a full round? Perhaps they are inspired by the lunar orbit with
reference to earth’s orbit in which case, the point of intersection of the two
keeps moving around the zodiac (known as nodes or Rahu and Ketu). That is for
an observer on the earth. But earth’s relationship with the sun is not the
same. The earth is orbiting the sun – and is not at the centre of the orbit. To
put it in simpler terms, in the case of moon orbiting the earth, the moon’s
orbit intersects the earth’s orbit. The gradual movement of the point of
intersection is noticeable from the earth which makes a full round in 18.5
years.
This is not the same with reference to the sun that
is being orbited by the earth. Suppose we are in the location of the sun, and
watch the earth move around us, in the same way we watch the moon move around
the earth, we can observe the orbit of the earth (ecliptic) cutting the path of
the sun at gradually moving different points. But we are circling the sun like
how moon is circling the earth. Our observation is not like how we see the moon
from the earth. But it is like how a being on moon will be seeing the earth
while moon is making circles around the earth. With less than 3 degree
variation in the wobble of the tilted earth, the sun will be seen moving across
the sky, with the far away stars in the back drop, within a limited span of
space. The following diagram shows how it would look.
(For
illustrative purpose only, not true to angles)
The above picture shows the maximum shift of the
spring equinox caused by the maximum oscillation of the axial tilt of the
earth. The shift is between Pisces and Aries only. Beyond this the equinox
cannot move. In the past it went upto Rohini, a star in Taurus in the current
design of the zodiac. The ‘fall of Abhijit’ and the substitution of Krittika to
complete the zodiac had caused the equinoctial shift to move upto Krittika,
that has taken the original span of the star Rohini (each star span is 13 degrees
and 20 minutes where 60 minutes make one degree)
In the opposite of the ecliptic, the way the
autumnal equinox shifts between Libra and Virgo with the median at zero degree
Libra is shown in the diagram below. For those in the southern hemisphere, the
equinox will be seen to move within 27 degrees on either side of zero degree of
Libra.
In these two diagrams, two extreme positions of the
wobble are shown as two earths. The location of the sun in the back drop of
stars perceived as Equinox, cannot go beyond a certain limit – here shown as 27
degrees on either side of beginning point of Aries and of Libra – which is as
per Vedic Thought. The poles as well as the equinox make a restricted movement. As such Uttarayana (Dakshinayana too) is an
oscillating phenomenon and cannot be synchronised with Makar Sankaranti. Nor
can it be stretched across the zodiac with claims that months and seasons will
change with that movement.
Before ending, let me respond to the three
synchronies mentioned in the article under critique.
(1) Coincidence of Uttarayana with Makar Sankaranti:
This can happen only when Uttarayana is crossing
zero degree Capricorn or the 270th degree of the zodiac that starts
with Aries at zero degrees. Whenever Uttarayana started before the sun reached
Makara, Vedic society had not recognised it as the starting point. It had
always maintained Makara Sankramana (entry) as Uttarayana. When Uttarayana had
occurred after the sun reached Makara, then only Uttarayana was recognised,
whatever be its position. That is what we are seeing in Rig Jyothisha. One
should remember that Makara Sankaranti was conspicuously absent in those times.
That is because Makara Sankaranti was happening in Dakshinayana at those times.
With importance given to the 270th degree (which is 90 degree to the
left of Equinox in fixed zodiac) when Abhijit was seen not to be the star of
Uttarayana, a re-design of the zodiac was done, after expunging Abhijit from
the zodiac. Detailed explanation can be read in the last chapter of my book "Myth of The Epoch of Arundhati of Nilesh Nilkanth Oak".
(2) Makar Sankaranti coinciding with Til harvest:
There is no proof for this whereas the available
inscriptional evidence shows that harvest was over in Aippasi- Karthigai and in
Panguni- Chitthirai. There is evidence of payment of “Karthigau
Kaasu” at the end of rainy season and “Chitthirai
Kaasu” after the end of winter crops. Read my earlier article on how
Pongal was a recent development and not a replacement
for Makar Sankaranti in Tamil lands.
(3) The current date of Makar Sankaranti coinciding with the date of
Uttarayana during the period of Nilaknatha Somayaji in 1500s:
The author had written,
“The final synchrony we examine is to ask the question,
when did Makar Sankranti
last coincide with Jan 13th/14th? By direct simulation on planetarium
software, we find this date to be around 1500s CE. This period is startlingly, the exact
period of the famous Kerala astronomer, Nilakantha
Somayaji (1444-1544), author of Tantrasangrama, who would have been aware of the
length of the tropical year and the effect of Precession from works of
Aryabhata, Bhaskara II as well as Surya Siddhanta, and might have computed the
date accordingly. This date was probably left untouched since.”
The author first tries to match the Gregorian date
of present day Makar Sankaranti with the date of Uttarayana when it last
coincided with the same Gregorian date. This is nothing but absurd as Gregorian
calendar does not track the star path as Vedic astronomy (it is astrology only
but modernists refuse to use that term). As explained earlier, Uttarayana and
Makar Sankaranti are not the same and our sages did not bother to synchronise
them. The synchronisation is done like a play by modernists with the help of
astronomy software.
Next the author says that Uttarayana was kept track
of until then (Nilakantha’s time) but not corrected thereafter. I wish he along
with all those modern chronologists of his ilk understand the fact that
Uttaryana and every other time keeping was done with reference to the stars in
the backdrop of the sun and not in a fixed position in the zodiac when the
earth comes to the same point in its orbit around the sun. Therefore it is
irrational to synchronise the current date of Makar Sankaranti with Uttarayana
in the past.
In fact the Gregorian calendar came into use after
the time of Nilakantha. It is on record of Madras Journal of Literature and Science (1833-34)
that Makar Sankaranti occurred on 11th
January in sync with the equinoctial position in fixed zodiac on 11th
April in the year 1834. (This is the Tamil New Year or Vishu). Around the time
the Gregorian calendar was introduced, the sidereal New Year (zero degree
Aries) started on 11th April and Makar Sankaranti on 11th January.
The years before that would see the backward movement of the calendar date with
reference to Vishu and Makar Sankaranti. 100 years from now Vishu will occur on
15th / 16th April and Makar Sankaranti on 15th / 16th
January. It makes no sense to synchronise Gregorian date with sidereal date.
Finally let me attempt to answer the question raised
by the author in the title “When
did we first celebrate Makar sankaranti?” That goes to the time before
the ‘fall’ of Abhijit – a time when Skanda, a hero of Tamil texts lived. Until
then Uttarayana and Makar Sankaranti had coincided. Once they started noticing
the ‘fall’ of Abhijit and Uttarayana happening after 270th degree of
the zodiac, they had thought of making corrections. It was then a massive fire
had occurred when the equinox was in Rohini. This was unacceptable as Rohini
was thought to be ruled by creator Brahma. Therefore Krittika was introduced in
the place of Rohini and Rohini’s span was pushed forward. By how many degrees
this could have happened would be discussed in another article.
By excluding Abhijit from the zodiac the rishis had revealed their mind – that the sun going south
of Makara is inauspicious but they can wait for its return to Naga Veethi. However their love for Abhijit made them name the mid day muhurtha after Abhijit.
It would do well to the
retention of ancient wisdom of Vedic rishis, if modern astronomy software based
researchers stop spreading their mis-construed ideas as truth to gullible yet
eager readers.
The widespread celebration of the Makar Sankranti
festival and its many regional variations hint at great antiquity. In this
article, we will take a journey through time, weaving together history,
astronomy, calendars, seasons, agriculture and common customs, to find
connections and understand the antiquity of the festival, and as an outcome, we
will examine three different synchronisms for Makar Sankranti.
We first discuss points of astronomical
significance, to appreciate the antiquity of the festival.
1. As the Earth rotates on its 23.5 degree tilted axis from west to east, it
would appear that celestial bodies that rise in the eastern horizon set in the
western horizon, except for the stars closer to the celestial North (South)
Pole that would appear to circle it.
2. Earth’s annual revolution around the Sun while
tilted at 23.5 degrees gives the phenomenon of seasons, due to the changing
amounts of sunlight in each hemisphere, in each quarter segment of the revolution.
3. The visible stars are so distant from our solar
system that they appear to be fixed with respect to the Earth’s revolution. As
the Earth makes progress in its revolution each day, it would appear that the
familiar constellations also change in the sky. Thus the constellations that
appear in the night sky in a given month will repeat in a year’s time (ignoring
the slow effect of precession, discussed in point 7). The situation is
analogous to looking outside a train window on a circular track – the same
scenery will appear at the same point on the circular track.
4. Due to the Earth’s tilt at 23.5 degrees, from an
Earth-bound observation point, it would appear that the sunrise is offset by a
small amount daily, and reaches a southernmost point – the Winter Solstice, and
reverses course, and reaches a northernmost point, the Summer Solstice. Ancient
Indians recognized the six-month southern journey of the Sun as Dakshinayana,
and the 6-month northern journey as the auspicious Uttarayana. The epic Mahabharata,
recounts Bhishma who could control the time of his death, and lay on a bed of
arrows, waiting for the start of Uttarayana, for more than 92 days (Nilesh
Nilakanth Oak, When Did the Mahabharata War Happen?), hinting
ancient observance of the Winter solstice occurrence.
5. Indian astronomical work divided the sky into
twenty-seven Nakshatras that each occupies 13 and 1/3 degree segments,
approximately the distance traveled by the Moon in a 24 hour period against the
fixed stars. Each Nakshatra was identified by the principal stars in that
segment of the sky. The Nakshatra model forms part of the earliest corpus of
Indian works on astronomy, dating to the Vedic era.
6. In addition to the twenty-seven Nakshatras,
ancient Indians also divided the sky into 12 equal parts of thirty degrees
each, called the Rashis. While there have been some Western assertions that
ancient Indians borrowed the Rashi model from Babylon, Subhash Kak shows
otherwise in his book, Astronomical Code of the Rgveda, about the
Vedic origin of the Rashis, evolving from the twelve Adityas. See fig.1.
The twelve Rashis shown on the ceiling of the 12th
century Airavatesvara temple in Darasuram, Tamil Nadu.
7. Due to the gravitational effects of Sun and Moon
(and to a lesser extent, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn), the Earth wobbles on its
axis, and completes a non-uniform cycle in about 25,771 years, referred to as
Precession of Equinox. Due to this wobble, the celestial North Pole (and South
Pole) appears to change over time, and the Rashis appear to drift slowly over
the years. More than 2500 years ago, ancient Indians had observed and measured
the wobble at a degree for every 100 years.
This translates to a measure of
36,000 years, a figure repeated by Hipparchus around 150 BCE. One of the best
estimates of Precession was made by Bhaskara II of Ujjain in the 12th century,
to 25,461 years, and not improved upon till modern times. It is very
interesting that ancient Indians had noted a time when Abhijit (the star Vega)
was once the pole-star, and also a time when it was no longer the pole-star.
Abhijit was at the Celestial North Pole approximately 14,000 years ago. Around
7000 years ago, it would have appeared to have “fallen” in the sky, as noted by
Dr. P.V.Vartak (in Scientific Dating of Ramayana and the Vedas),
calling out a reference to a passage in the Mahabharata.
We now define Makar Sankranti as the date when from
an Earth-bound observation point, the Sun enters the Makar Rashi, also called
Capricorn.
Ancient Indians noted the Winter Solstice as the
start of the auspicious Uttarayana. At some point in the past, Uttarayana
coincided with Makar Sankranti, and constitutes our first point of synchrony.
We can determine the time period when the two coincided by considering the
effects of Precession. Prior to that, it is instructive to note how ancient
Indians and Europeans recorded the passage of time.
Subhash Kak notes that even before Vedanga Jyotish,
ancient Indians’ 27-Nakshatra and 12 Rashi system used a luni-solar calendar
where every 5 years, an additional month called Adhika Masa was added,
synchronizing the lunar and solar years. Ancient Indians also estimated the
tropical year, defined as the period when the Sun enters the same seasonal
point – say, a solstice point.
Aryabhata and Bhaskara II had estimated the tropical year at 365 days, 6 hours,
12 minutes, and 30 seconds, the same figure as estimated in the ancient Indian
text, Surya Siddhanta. The modern figure for the tropical year is approximately
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45 seconds.
In the Western system, Julius Caesar instituted the
Julian calendar in 46 BCE, dividing the year of 365 days to 12 months, and
adding a day every 4th year, thus averaging to 365 days, 6 hours - a figure
less accurate than the Surya Siddhanta. Due to this approximation, this
calendar accumulated errors over the years, causing a “slip” in the dates of
the equinoxes and solstices. The modern Gregorian calendar introduced in 1582,
introduced a correction, where if a year is integer-divisible by 4, it is
considered a leap year, except for those centurial years that are
integer-divisible by 100, and with further overruling exception to those
centurial years that are integer-divisible by 400, which were considered as
leap years. With the modern Gregorian calendar, the equinoxes and solstices
occur on approximately the same date each year, and considering Precession, has
an error of about 1 day every 7700 years.
Considering the first synchrony, the Winter solstice
today coincides with the Dhanus Sankranti – one Rashi away from Makar. This
slip has happened due to the Precession noted earlier.
Position of the Sun in relation to the Rashis on
Winter solstice, Dec 21st, 2016. Because of Precession, it is a Dhanus
Sankranti, rather than a Makar Sankranti.
Assuming a uniform Precession rate of 25,771 years
for a full circle of 360 degrees, each degree is about 71.5861 years. Rounding
the figures and noting that each Rashi occupies 30 degrees, we multiply 72 by
30 to get 2160 – the approximate number of years in the past, when due to
Precession, Makar Sankranti would have coincided with the Winter Solstice,
approximately in 143 BCE. By simulation in planetarium software, we find that
anywhere from 400 BCE to the opening centuries of the Common Era, the Winter
solstice date would have coincided with the Sun rising approximately in Makar
Rashi. Based on synchrony of the solstice with Makar Sankranti, we propose the
festival to have been celebrated since 400 BCE. See figs. 3 and 4.
Position of the Sun in relation to the Rashis on
Winter solstice, Dec 25th, 400 BCE. Notice that the Sun rise is in Makar Rashi,
making it a Makar Sankranti.
Notice the position of the Sun at 7AM on Jan 14th,
2017, and how 7 days later, it is at the Makar Rashi. Considering Precession,
505 years ago, Makar Sankranti would have been on Jan 14th – exactly the time
of Kerala Astronomer, Nilakantha Somayaji, 1512 CE.
Our second dating of the antiquity of the Makar
Sankranti festival is by considering the synchrony of Makar Sankranti with the
Til/Sesame/Gingelly crop harvest. We notice an India-wide common aspect of
celebrating Makar Sankranti – the widespread use of til in traditional sweet
preparation. Til is a drought-resistant rabi crop in India, planted currently
around mid-November and harvested in April, before the monsoons, taking about
90 to 120 days to grow. Paleo-botanical records suggest an antiquity of at
least 3000 BCE for the multi-crop cultivation of til in Rakhigarhi sites and a
few centuries later for domestic rice, and trade with Mesopotamia and Egypt in
til in 2000 BCE. Up to the medieval period, Indian farmers encoded agricultural
wisdom with references to nakshatras to help time their planting and reaping
activities. It is fascinating to investigate a period of time when Makar
Sankranti coincided with the harvest of the til crop, say in southern India,
and was therefore used in celebratory sweet preparation.
Contrary to popular thought, the seasons do not
change with Precession. The Milankovitch cycles predict long-term climate
changes due to Precession, Obliquity and Tilt cycles of the Earth, but these do
not impact the periodical seasons (might make seasons more or less severe,
though!). However, if we peg our measurement of time to a Nakshatra/Rashi, that
observation can change over time due to Precession. Thus an observation that
“rainy season starts in Ashada Masa” can change over time due to Precession.
Our clue is that traditionally, Makar Sankranti is
considered as a harvest festival. In Tamil Nadu, there are two planting seasons
for Til – Thai Pattam (Jan/Feb) and Adi Pattam (July/August). Considering a
4-month growing period, the Adi Pattam crop harvest would coincide with
December. Thus again, the date of about 400 BCE synchronizing the Winter
solstice, Til harvest, and Makar Sankranti makes sense.
The final synchrony we examine is to ask the
question, when did Makar Sankranti last coincide with Jan 13th/14th? By direct
simulation on planetarium software, we find this date to be around 1500s CE.
This period is startlingly, the exact period of the famous Kerala astronomer,
Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544), author of Tantrasangrama, who would have been
aware of the length of the tropical year and the effect of Precession from
works of Aryabhata, Bhaskara II as well as Surya Siddhanta, and might have
computed the date accordingly. This date was probably left untouched since. See
figure 4.
We have examined three synchronies regarding Makar
Sankranti. The first, based on synchrony with the Winter Solstice gives a date
of about 400 BCE. The second, based on a synchrony of til harvest in Tamil Nadu
with Makar Sankranti also suggests 400 BCE. The third, based on a synchrony
with the tropical calendar, gives a date of 1500s CE.
As we celebrate Makar Sankranti, we should also
celebrate the strong traditions of astronomy and mathematics, indelibly tied
with the shared experience of the nation, over thousands of years.
What is Makara
Samkaranti for the rest of India is the day of ‘Pongal’
festival in Tamilnadu. Catching up with the difference in the name, the late
Karunanidhi found an opportunity to rid this festival of its Hindu identity and
chose to call it ‘Egalitarian Pongal’ (Samatthuva
Pongal) that can be celebrated by everyone including those of the Abrahamic
religions. A decade is gone since then, and Karunanidhi also found his rest but
times are such that we are seeing now what he had sown.
Turn on any channel in
the TV, you are seeing only ‘Samatthuva Pongal’ – not just ‘Pongal’ celebrated
by Muslims, Christians and atheistic politicians. “Samatthuva Pongal” has
gained an infectious spread across the State particularly among churches and educational
institutions run by the minorities. The Churches are hitting many birds with a
single event of this celebration by projecting themselves as the saviours of
farmers and as being open-minded and use this as a tool of inculturation of the
converted and the future converts.
The only sense of
satisfaction for an informed Hindu is that it is better for these
once-upon-a-time Hindus to celebrate Pongal than to be made to dance for the Thanks
Giving Day which is becoming a yearly celebration in Tamilnadu!
Not to be left behind are the Muslims who have
also taken the hint from Karunanidhi and made Samatthuva Pongal a yearly event
in their educational institutions. Initially many thought that Muslims would
not show interest but what makes them embrace this is known from a report
published by The Hindu in 2015 on the event of
Samatthuva Pongal organised by the management of a Muslim minority college at
Kilakarai. The principal of the college was reported to have said that
Samatthuva Pongal helps in burying the religious and communal differences. The
only commonality between Pongal of the Hindus and Samatthuva Pongal being the
Pongal dish, one is at a loss to understand in what way this dish helps in
burying the communal and religious differences!
The actual game plan
behind this Samatthuva Pongal became palpable this year on seeing a news report
in a TV
channel that showed a small group of tribes, not familiar
with Pongal in their culture, being made to celebrate this Samatthuva Pongal as
a community celebration of three religions! These tribes known as “Paligar” were warrior class who were once employed by
Vijayanagara kings to defend the frontiers of their kingdom, says R.V.Russell
in volume I of the book ‘The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of
India’. Their Hindu root is more than obvious by Vijayanagara connection. They
were earlier found in the Western Ghats but brought and settled in Nellai
district in Tamilnadu in 2001. Easy prey for religious poachers, they are being
cosied by the two religions by means of ‘Pongal’, projecting an image that it
is being celebrated by all the three religions!
What Hindus had not
cared to thrust on these tribes, their handlers had done and made it useful for
the two Abrahamic religions – whoever among them is skilful would help the
tribes find salvation through Pongal!! Very soon those tribes can be expected
to celebrate this festival in their newly found avatars as Christians and
Muslims.
Appropriation of Hindu
symbols is not new, but hijacking a Hindu festival wholesome is what is being
witnessed in Pongal. Cooking the Pongal dish in the open and sharing it with
everyone is not a festival – but we have been made to believe it to be so.
Karunanidhi’s original plan was to make the day of Pongal the New Year for
Tamils and help in combining it with Christmas and New Year. His daughter Kanimozhi
worked for it through a Government sponsored festival named “Sangamam”
that was started on Christmas day and ended on Pongal day. It is not difficult
to know what kind of Sangama she and her father had in mind. Their
brainchild is coming off age now with every Hindu being made to pass through
Samatthuva Pongal during their study years – the years they are most vulnerable
for tall talks on equality, but Pongal has nothing to do with equality. It is
unfortunate that even the Hindus-managed educational institutes have fallen for
this craze of ‘egalitarianism’ and celebrate Samatthuva Pongal in their
premises. Why don’t they celebrate it as just ‘Pongal’ with its Hindu
components?
Is Pongal a Tamil
festival?
The brazen truth behind
Pongal is that it is not a “Tamil” festival. There exists no record of
Pongal festival anytime from Sangam age to later day Tamil dynasties.The only record comes from the Madras Journal
of Literature and Science, 1833-34 edition, which describes the way Pongal
was celebrated in Tamil lands. It was the same as how it is celebrated by
Hindus now in their homes. It was a two day festival then, with Pongal being
the first day followed by Māttu Pongal (Pongal of the cows) the next day. On
the evening of Māttu Pongal, the temple deity was taken out in a procession on
horse-back in hunting posture. On the same day, the Brahmins would foretell the
fortunes and mis-fortunes brought by the deity of “Samkaranti” (Samkaranti
Purusha) using astrological calculations!
This shows that Pongal
was basically Samkaranti festival in the Tamil lands too, with only the
name having come into vogue from the popular dish of the day. Cooking Pongal
dish is part of any celebration and not Pongal-festival specific. There are
proofs to substantiate this from old Tamil texts such as Silappadhikaram.
An inscription of Rajaraja Chola I refers to 34 festivals of which 12
are Samkaranti festivals celebrated every month. So Samkaranti is not unknown
to Tamil lands.
Pongal festival cannot
be called as harvest festival too, as epigraphic evidences show harvest a
month earlier, in Karthigai itself. References to ‘Kaarthigai
Kāsu’ and ‘Chithirai Kāsu’ in medieval
inscriptions do indicate that harvest-payments were made much before the date
of Pongal.
What was Pongal festival
in Tamil lands?
The current name for
the festival and the festival of ‘Māttu Pongal (Pongal for cows) are indicative
of their origins from cow-herds of Krishna cult! The previous day celebration
of “Bhogi” not finding mention anywhere in
literature or epigraphy in Tamil lands and even in the Madras Journal quoted
earlier, it is obvious that it had a pan-Indian influence. A Tamil astrological
text called “Varushadhi nool” which
is the guide book for writing almanacs says that Bhogi is celebrated in honour
of Indra - the festival in whose honour was stopped by Krishna. Indra
retaliated by heavy downpour but Krishna protected his folks by holding Govardhana hill as an umbrella.Subdued by this act Indra sought forgivance
and the result was introduction of Bhogi festival in his honour, on the day
before Makara Samkaranti.
The beating of drums
and bonfire on that day was a remembrance of the sport of Krishna dancing on
the snake Kāliya. Young Krishna suffered some
snake bites in that event and was kept awake by beating the drums while he was
being treated for poisonous wounds.
Māttu Pongal is a proof
by itself of its origins in Krishna cult. These festivals are a replica of the Annakut and Govardhan Puja
in Dwaraka and regions associated with Krishna. Only the time of the festivals
had changed.
This kind of worship must
have been confined to cattle breeders only (people of Mullai / Aayars) initially
and that may be the reason it was not wide spread among others to have found a
place in scriptures or inscriptions. In fact there is an opinion that Pongal
was the culmination of the month-long Vaishnavite vrat in Margazhi. In
course of time, all the people had started following it along with Samkaranti –
with Samkaranti having had longer presence and patronage from kings.
Karunanidhi
has given it greater importance thinking that he is de-Hinduising it. Poor
chaps – the Christians, Muslims and anti-Hindu Tamil speakers – they are
clamouring after Krishna–cult that was once confined to a section of people of
Tamilnadu.
It is time Hindus wake
up to the reality of the long standing festival of Samkaranti fused into Pongal
of Krishna cult and not fall into the trap of Samatthuva Pongal.