Genetic study shows out of India migration to Europe 26,000 years ago.

A recent genetic study  by the researchers of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human history, Germany done on 55 samples of mtDNA of hunter-gatherers who lived in Italy, Germany, Belgium, France, the Czech Republic, and Romania from 35,000 to 7,000 years ago showed 3 of them to have emerged from the dominant Indian pool of M Haplogroup. Nearly 60% of all Indians have come in the lineage of M Haplogroup which is 60,000 years old.

Another study on this haplogroup has found out that M is indigenously developed Haplogroup of India and from India it had migrated to Ethiopia. But how this went to South west Europe before 25,000 years BP is still perplexing.

It has further gone into South West Europe. The presence of this Haplotype is marked by green spots in the map below. These are the places where M haplogroup has been found. It was present in the period before 25,000 years ago. This haplo type has become extinct after that.

But this haplotype is present in East Asia like Japan and China. It is present in Native Americans too. The origin is in India. The eastward migration from India is understandable and possible. But its presence in South west Europe even if it is of a smaller percentage, perplexes researchers. Though Oppenheimer suggested that all the “Eurasian Eves” have descended from South Asia, the route of movement of M haplotype from India to South west Europe needs more evidences. The one possible route that I can think of is as follows.

The ancestral M from India had migrated to Ethiopia according to genetics analysts. The Mascarene Plateau  adjacent to Madagascar was a highland until 7000 years ago. The extended Western Ghats into the sea till Madagascar must have had many peaks projecting above the sea level as islands. 

These regions constituted Pandyan lands of the 1^st Sangam age   that existed before 7000 years ago. From Mascarene Plateau, the entry into Tanzania and Ethiopia was not at all an issue.

In my earlier article on movement of Skanda cult to Scandinavia, I showed the route from Tanzania to Cameroon to Basque in Spain and from there to Europe. This route must have been a regular one for those not adept in sea routes. In that article I had related the red haired Irish people to Skanda lineage or Skanda’s clan, as Skanda hailing from southern latitudes was pink coloured and probably red-haired. A 6-headed figure installed by Irish monks was found in France leading credence to the idea of familiarity with 6 headed Skanda.

The six-faced figure installed by Irish Monks in France in 6^th / 7^th century CE.

http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martin-m-miles/4927877544/

But Skanda belongs to recent history, as recent as 11,000 years ago when the first Sangam age was started under his patronage. The present research findings attribute the presence of M haplogroup to anytime before 25,000 years ago. 

Looking for further clues at that time period, Sundaland was a highland and population must have thrived well due to its location on the tropics.

In my opinion, Sundaland was the original homeland of Hinduism where Hiranyaksha, Hiranya Kashibu and Bali had lived. The concept of churning of the ocean Samudra Manthan was developed there with volcanic eruptions constantly disturbing that region and the seas. The region however stood as Mandara Mountain, which perhaps lent its name to the language spoken there (Mandarin). The inhabitants were Daityas and Danavas whose modern equivalents were Chinese and Europeans. This region (Sundaland) as a place of human habitation at and before 25,000 years ago serves a better candidate for growth and dispersal of early migrants out of Africa. Together with India, which was in close proximity, this entire south East Asian region housed the early ancestors. How did people move out of this region to South west Europe?

Most of them must have taken the sea route or entered the Arabian Sea or the Arabian Peninsula and moved further. The M haplotype originating in India and moving to south west Europe might have taken a complicated or different route as the presence of this haplogroup is found on the western side of Europe having access from Atlantic Ocean. This type would not have taken the route via North West India. If so its presence could have been noticed in Southern Europe or Central Asia. Moreover North West India was not conducive for movement of people at around 21,000 years BP. The map by Graham Hancock shows that desert conditions thrived in NW India while most of Peninsular and central India was a grass land. Only the coastal regions were habitable.

The coasts were also extended beyond the Western Ghats into the Arabian Sea. It is on this extended land Vaivasvatha Manu lived along with his people. When Ice age ended, a sea surge pushed him and his people into mainland via river Saraswathi. The entry point was named by them as Dwaraka. The important info is that these people carried the memory of Skanda! Skanda was transformed later by these people into Karthikeya as having originated in the Himalayas.

The coastal regions bordering the Arabian sea that include west India and east and north east Africa must have had busy movement of people and settlements of people before or at the time of Ice age. Therefore I am of the opinion that further movement into West Europe was possible through Africa with Ethiopia offering the first transit spot. (The M Haplogroup had made its presence in Ethiopia later than its presence in India). This route must have been a regular one from time immemorial.

From Ethiopia and Tanzania to Cameroon to Basque region in Spain must have been the route. From there, entry into South west Europe was easy and possible.

The most recent movement through this corridor must have happened in or after Skanda’s times when Irish people originated. Another reason to link this migration from India to or via Ireland was a map that I happened to see of the Roma Era from Ptolemy. The following was the map created on the basis of the coordinates given by Ptolemy. 

http://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/Have-you-seen-the-first-known-map-of-Ireland-from-140AD.html

Though the names like Gangani and Magnate {It is Nagnate – (Naga nadi?) in other maps} sound like Indian, the name Velabri in south west corner near the Atlantic Ocean sounds like Vela / Velir / Muruga / Skanda. Ptolemy identified them Celtic – pronounced as “Keltoi” people. How these names came into Ireland?

 I have dealt with the Celtic connection to the Druhyu (descendant of King Yayati) in my article Celts from Kelta and Anatolia from Andolana. In that article I had traced the movement of those people (who came to be known as Celts or Kelts) as follows:

But this is also after the end of Ice age, that is, sometime after 12,000 years BP. The current research on presence of M haplogroup very much predates that. That could have taken the above shown route from India to South Europe. In other words, this could have been a common corridor in those days.

At the end of the Ice age, a migration had taken place carrying the memory of Skanda. The name Velabri in Ireland reminds me of Vel tribes who carried the memory of Skanda and who were known for fighting prowess. More info is needed about Velabri and its people to look for possible links between Vel people who could have once inhabited a coastal region bordering the Arabian Sea or to the south of it and the Velabri people.  The present research on the presence of M Haplogroup in South West Europe certainly throws open the possibilities of movement of people of Indian origin to West and North west Europe (Scandinavia).

Related articles:-

Skanda in Scandinavia – http://jayasreesaranathan.blogspot.in/2013/09/is-vedic-astrology-derived-from-greek_27.html

Suverneya or Ireland, Naga worship and Vedic Purana- Sanskrit connect -http://vediccafe.blogspot.in/2016/02/suverneya-or-ireland-naga-worship-and.html

5000 year old Iceman Otzi from Alps was from India! - 

http://jayasreesaranathan.blogspot.in/2016/01/5000-year-old-iceman-otzi-from-alps-was.html

24,000 year old remains of the Malta boy - connected to Indian gene pool? -  

http://jayasreesaranathan.blogspot.in/2013/11/24000-year-old-remains-of-malta-boy.html

Asians (Indians & Chinese) shared same genetic origin with Native Americans.

**********

From

http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/anthropology/pre-neolithic-dna-major-population-turnover-europe-03617.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+BreakingScienceNews+%28Breaking+Science+News%29

Pre-Neolithic DNA Suggests Major Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe

Feb 5, 2016 by Editors

The study supports a single and rapid dispersal of all non-Africans populations around 50,000 years ago not only across Asia but also into Europe. Image credit: Annette Guenzel / Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

“We uncovered a completely unknown chapter of human history: a major population turnover in Europe at the end of the last Ice Age,” said Dr. Johannes Krause, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Germany, and senior author on a study published this week in the journal Current Biology.

Dr. Krause and co-authors analyzed 55 complete human mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) of hunter-gatherers who lived in Italy, Germany, Belgium, France, the Czech Republic, and Romania from 35,000 to 7,000 years ago.

“There has been a real lack of genetic data from this time period, so consequently we knew very little about the population structure or dynamics of the first modern humans in Europe,” Dr. Krause said.

The analysis of these ancient mtDNAs unexpectedly revealed that three individuals from before the coldest period in the last Ice Age (Last Glacial Maximum) that were excavated in present-day Belgium and France belong to a type of mtDNA called haplogroup M.

“This lineage is absent in contemporary Europeans, although it is found at high frequency in modern Asians, Australasians, and Native Americans,” Dr. Krause and his colleagues explained.

“I couldn’t believe it,” said Dr. Cosimo Posth from the University of Tübingen, lead author on the study. “The first time I got this result I thought it must be a mistake, because in contemporary Europeans haplogroup M is effectively absent, but is found at high frequency in modern Asians, Australians and Native American populations.”

The absence of the M haplogroup and its presence in other parts of the world had previously led to the argument that non-African people dispersed on multiple occasions to spread across Eurasia and Australasia.

“The discovery of this maternal lineage in Europe in the ancient past now suggests instead that all non-Africans dispersed rapidly from a single population, at a time they place around 50,000 years ago. Then, at some later stage, the M haplogroup was apparently lost from Europe,” the scientist said.

“When the Last Glacial Maximum began around 25,000 years ago, hunter-gatherer populations retreated south to a number of putative refugia, and the consequent genetic bottleneck probably resulted in the loss of this haplogroup,” Dr. Posth said.

The biggest surprise, however, was evidence of a major turnover of the population in Europe around 14,500 years ago, as the climate began to warm.

“Our model suggests that during this period of climatic upheaval, the descendants of the hunter-gatherers who survived through the Last Glacial Maximum were largely replaced by a population from another source,” said co-author Dr. Adam Powell, of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

_____

Cosimo Posth et al. Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe. Current Biology, published online February 4, 2016; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037

Is it right to ‘arrest’ a goat for grazing in another man’s land?

A recent news report said that a goat was arrested for repeatedly entering the garden of a Judge in Janakpur in Chhattisgarh and eating out the vegetables and flowers there. The goat was accused as a “repeat offender” as it entered the garden regularly despite being chased away and was finally ‘arrested’ following a complaint. Later it was let out but its owner was arrested after repeat warnings to him to not allow his goat venture into the garden.

Though this news item sounds bizarre, what makes it newsworthy is that the goat was arrested or rather was taken into custody. The complaint and subsequent action by the police may attract criticism, but this news item reminded me of some similar instances in the past.

Grazing one’s animals in another man’s territory was never tolerated in the past. The owner of the animals has to bear the responsibility for the trespass and the damage caused by the animal. I don’t know whether any legal precedence is there in Indian courts, but there are inscriptions to indicate that the owner had to bear the responsibility. Taking custody of the animal was to bring the owner around and make him accountable for the damage caused by the animal.

Such trespasses have even caused extreme enmity as there is an inscription on the punishment meted out to two persons who killed the cattle-herd of the buffaloes which destroyed their crops. The damage to the crops had happened. But from whom the compensation can be got? Since the poor cattle-herd who either slept away while his cattle had crazed the farm or was incapable of controlling his cattle could not be expected to pay compensation, the owners had taken the law in their hand and had killed him in a rage.

This issue was debated by the local administration which finally decided to award a punishment of supplying oil for lighting lamps on all days in the local temple. This may not be considered as a punishment in today’s conditions, but in those days, procuring oil for lighting non-stop lamps in temples was a costly task. The mills have to be established, sesame has to be procured and crushed in the mills to get oil for lamps. Another reason for this kind of punishment was to pave way for “parihara” or propitiation from the heinous crime of murder. The belief was that by keeping the temple lit throughout day and night on all days, one can wash oneself off the worst sins. This kind of ‘punishment’ was prevalent during Pallava period.

Generally for causing death under unusual and unplanned circumstances, lighting non-stop lamp in the temples was ordained. During the period of King Kulotthunga –III, there was an instance of a person who went on hunting, making a wrong shot that a hit a man and killed him. He was also asked to light non-stop lamps in a temple. In these cases, the offenders must have been made to compensate for the loss of life, but since these instances were taken from temple inscriptions, only the lighting of lamp part is found mentioned.

A similar incident in the life of King Dashartha  (in having killed Shravan mistaking him for an animal) brought him a  punishment of losing his son and dying of pain at the loss. So the actual punishment will be in proportion to the suffering caused to the other. To lessen the intensity of retributive suffering, one was ordained to light the temple. The reduction in retribution can happen in such cases only if the offender repents for his act.

In this connection let me share a peculiar narration we come across in the commentary to a sutra in Tholkappiyam. (Echaviyal, sutra 449 - தொன்னெறி¹ மொழிவயின் ஆ அ குநவும்). It is about an old saying “` யாற்றுட் செத்த எருமையை ஈர்த்தல ஊர்க்குயவர்க்குக்கடன்” meaning, that it is the potter’s duty to cremate the buffalos that are washed ashore by the river. The rationale of this can be understood by the background story.

Once a trader bought some buffalos from the money he made and was coming back home. On the way he saw a river and took some rest on its side while his buffaloes were cooling themselves in the waters. At that time a sudden flood surged into the river caused by rainfall at some other place that fetched copious waters into the river. The buffaloes were pulled by the flood waters and were washed ashore in a distant village after a few days. The stench from the dead animals was too high, that no one from the village was ready to remove the carcass. So the village community assembled to decide what to do. The “Kanakkan” who maintains the old records was asked to check the old records to see whether any similar instances had happened in the past and how such instances were solved.

The record keeper had a grudge against the potters of that village and so decided to take a revenge on them. He included a leaf in the bundle with a narration of a similar incident saying that under such circumstances, only the potters must clear the carcass and cremate them, as the sudden and untimely floods were caused by the soot and smoke of the kiln they were working with! The narration goes as follows:

காட்டெரு முட்டை பொறுக்கி
மட்கலஞ் சுட்ட புகையான்
மேற்கே மேகந் தோன்றி
மின்னி யிடித்து மழைபொழிந்து
யாற்றில் நீத்தம் பெருகி
யடித்துக் கொல்லும் எருமைகளை
ஈர்த்துக் கொணர்ந்து கரையேற்றல்
இவ்வூர்க் குயவர்க் கென்றுங் கடனே."

Reading this leaf, the villagers were convinced and asked the potters to cremate the dead buffaloes. What punishment awaits the cunning record keeper is another issue, but what makes this narration interesting is the logic behind putting the onus on a person for an alleged link to an issue. The sudden and untimely rainfall was attributed to the work in the kiln of the potters and therefore the potters were held responsible for any eventuality arising from that sudden rainfall.

This narration is given as an explanation for the sutra of Tholkappiyam which says that a time held idea can be used to understand an unusual idea or occurrence. Why a sudden rainfall occurred was justified by a time-held idea. But what we have to see in the context of this article is that how people zeroed in on someone as being responsible for a problem. Though the death of cattle in flash floods can be taken as an accident, where only Nature can be held responsible, here the people had seen logic in who or what caused the sudden rains in the first place. This is also an accepted logic among the people in those days.

If we start applying such logic in the numerous events happening in our lives and around us, there is no end to the blame game. But is Karma theory such a lax idea as to spare us?

********************

From

http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Goat-arrested-for-trespassing-on-judges-garden-10022016008069

Goat arrested for trespassing on judge's garden

Bilaspur: TIMES NEWS NETWORK





In a bizarre incident, Chhattisgarh police on Monday took into custody a goat after a complaint that it ventured into a judge's garden in Janakpur block in Korea district, 250 km from here. The goat, which was accused of being a `repeat offender', was released later, but its owner was not so lucky.

Abdul Hasan (40) was arrested and sent to jail on Tuesday on charges of trespass and damaging property, the police said. “My goat scaled the boundary wall again and ate flowers and vegetables in the garden. It was taken to the police station and then police brought me in as well”,  said Hasan.

Police said the accused had been ignoring warnings given to him for over a week and was eventually detained and charged under Sections 447 (trespass), 427 (damaging and destroying property of others) and 151 (creating public nuisance) Indian Penal Code on Monday . He was produced in court on Tuesday and sent to jail. Janakpur station in-charge RS Paikra told TOI that Hasan had been letting loose his goat into the garden of magistrate S E Ratre for more than a week. He would do so after the magistrate left for office, the officer said. Ratre's gardener, Rajesh Paikra, tried to stop Hasan but his efforts went in vain and he then informed police.

Local Congress leader Shailesh Nitin Trivedi slammed the police for the incident, saying, “The arrest of a goat is ridiculous. Chhattisgarh police have made fun of themselves by doing so. Those accused in rape cases are moving freely .“ “The most painful and disappointing aspect is the entry made by an ASI of Chhattisgarh police in the diary that `the goat would graze on the garden, despite warnings'. Chhattisgarh police is communicating with goats!“ he added.

Last year, a parrot in Chandrapur in Maharashtra was detained after an old woman filed a complaint against it for making obscene remarks. The parrot, named Hariyal, was allegedly trained for two years by its owner, Suresh Sakharkar, to abuse his stepmother, Janabai.

In a similar case, cops locked up a pigeon in Manwal village in Punjab last year on suspicion of it being a Pakistani spy . It was listed as a `suspected spy' because of a note in Urdu tied to its foot.

Pooradam today (6th Feb 2016) looked different - Impact on 15th & 16th August 2016.

The Garbottam observation is becoming interesting as far as I am concerned. We had a 13 day Garbottam based on solar movement between 29^th December 2015 and 11^th January 2016 and a day-to-day observation of Garbottam. The former represents a fortnight and the later a single day that comes after 195 days. What we interpret from the solar Garbottam for a fortnight must match with the daily prediction as the days progress. Today’s observation would have an impact from the evening of 15^th August till 16^th August. The impact period for a fortnight for the 5^th day of Garbottam (Solar) also starts on these days in August.

The 5th day of Garbottam had practically no positive Garbottam features but stood out on 2 counts, (1) hot air at day time with hot winds (not gentle) blowing around noon while the night time air was still. The clouds seemed to have vaporised but looked to be present in the horizon all around. (2) Moon was in exact conjunction with malefic Mars on this date (2^nd and 3^rd January 2016). Conjunction of moon with a malefic is supposed to give storms or thunder showers. The ferocity of the wind will be the basic feature of this combination.

Now we are passing through the days that correspond to the fortnight for this 5^th day Garbottam. Any fine tuning of the 5^th day Garbottam can happen based on the Garbottam seen from today onwards for a fortnight.

Such being the importance of this day, I was thrilled to notice cloud formation since yesterday (Moola star – 05-02-2016) and clouds crossing the sun yesterday (Moola star) in wonderful formations.

(05-02-2016 - Around Noon – in Mula)

5-02-2016 – 2 PM (Mula)

Reddish sun set on 05-02-2016 (in Poorada)

By the time Pooradam began, the climate changed further. There were beautiful huge greyish clouds seen since dawn. But by 8 AM, there was a pale whitish cover of cloud everywhere, not the kind of cumulous and aquatic ones.

06-02-2016 – 8 AM – Poorada star

The cloud cover was like a sheet as the day progressed. At 10 AM the sky looked as below. 

06-02-2016 – 10 AM cloud everywhere.

The Sun was a bright disc peeping through the clouds. 

06-02-2016 – Noon. Solar disc seen through the cloud clover.

As day progressed the Sun can be seen with a huge halo around it. Sun and moon with a halo is a good feature of Garbottam to happen in the month of Thai. 

In the picture below, there is cloud everywhere. Sun is actually hidden behind the clouds. 

06-02-2016 – 1-30 PM – Sun with a halo seen through the cloud cover.

The sun with the clouds is a different looking one for the first time I started observing since 29^th December 2015. The meteorological combinations making these appearances are different today.

The corresponding 195^th day is 15^th and 16^th August. Add to it 14^th August also  as the formation had its beginning since yesterday.

These dates coinciding with the dates of the new fortnight for the 5^th day of Garbottam, begins with all the planets in front of the Sun which is a very good Rainfall yoga. There is no marring presence of planets in stars at that time as per Sapta Nadi Chakra. The closeness between Venus and Mercury continues. But Mercury will be in front of Venus giving rise to a wind factor. Rahu conjuncts with Venus on that date (16^th August). These features ensure good rainfall at that time. That is why I wrote on the 5^th Garbottam day that SW Monsoon will proceed well at that time.

But the Garbottam in my place, though looked different and deficient on the 5^th day of Garbottam (2^nd and 3^rd January 2016), seems to indicate a different climatic condition when  observed today and yesterday for its 195^th day impact on 15^th and 16^th of August.

To check what is happening, why there is a sudden surge of clouds and why the sun looks  different by radiating what we call “Oomai veyil” (ஊமை வெய்யில்) with a mild breeze, I checked the weather map of today. It shows some quick formation of clouds moving from south west to North east and going as far as China.

http://www.weatheronline.in/weather/satellite/India/India/Infraredcolor.htm

METEOSAT 7

Thermal infrared image of METEOSAT 7 taken from a geostationary orbit about 36,000 km above the equator. The images are taken on a half-hourly basis. The temperature is interpreted by grayscale values. Cold objects are white and hot surfaces appear black. High clouds as thin cirrus or deep convection, for example towering thunderstorm cells, appear bright white. Mid- or low level clouds, as well as fog and mist are 'grayish'. So are cold land surfaces and most ocean areas. As the sun is heating the ground, the surface will appear increasingly dark. 

The 'beauty' of thermal infrared images is that they provide information on cloud cover and the temperature of air masses even during night-time, while visible satellite imagery is restricted to daylight hours. 

However, the best method to interpret satellite images is to view visible and infrared imagery together.

UTC = Coordinated Universal Time

12 UTC = 13 BST (British Summer Time) 

Courtesy of: Eumetsat

Chennai, some parts of Tamilnadu including the coastal areas, UP, Bihar and Nepal are on the path of this cloud surge. This formation is the result of both hot and cold factors. This formation happening in Pooradam (Purvashada) day known for rainfall seeding and rainfall occurring phenomena, can not be ignored. 

We have to watch keenly the cloud formation in the coming days, for, the impact days are related to the 5^th day of Garbottam when Mars and moon were in conjunction. The significantly noticeable hot air conditions on that day with bluish grey and fused formation of clouds all around the horizon on that day point to a stormy condition or thunder bolts or thunder showers (some wind circulation aspect will be there)

 The impact days coming just prior to Full Moon in Avani (Avani Avittam) are a traditionally held days of rainfall. The 11^th verse of Paripadal gives the description of this day (just before Avani Avittam / Full Moon in Avani) as the day when rainfall started as per traditional astrological rules.

But the movement of clouds today makes me perplexed as to its direction. The movement is from SW to NE. It means the movement of clouds or rainfall on the impact day will be from NE to SW. That means the rainfall will be from the Bay of Bengal. I have no idea of clouds / cyclones or currents coming from the Bay in the month of August. But today’s and yesterday’s Garbottam is different. I am curiously waiting to see what the impact days are going to reveal.