Garbottam begins at 5 PM on 29th December 2015.

Rainfall prediction forms a voluminous part of Mundane astrology followed in India since time immemorial. In fact big names such as Rishis  Kashyapa, Parashara, Garga and  Vatsa  are associated with prediction of rainfall. Their views on long range prediction of climate and also weather patterns with specific reference to rainfall are given in 8 chapters in the 2000 year old book called Brihad Samhita written by Varahamihira. Any reader of those chapters would be surprised at the depth of the details such as the time, duration, place, extent, quantity and quality of rainfall that can possibly be detected as early as 6 months before the rains occur. These chapters deserve a deeper study and application so as to test them in the current times and if successful to incorporate them in rainfall prediction models.

The earliest prediction model for next year’s monsoon is known as “Garbottam” which means ‘Fetus formation’ or ‘nature of pregnancy’. This is also known as ‘pregnancy of clouds’. This is observed on the month of Margazhi, soon after the rainfall of the previous season is over. At the time the Sun enters the star Pooradam (Purvashada) in then sign of Sagittarius in Margazhi, it is said that the conditions for the next season’s rainfall start taking shape. This goes on for nearly 14 days when the Sun will be crossing the star Pooradam. This period is known as Garbottam period or pregnancy period. One can find the beginning and end of this period mentioned in the almanacs (Panchangam). 

This year’s Garbottam starts on 29^th December 2015 at 5 PM and ends on 11^th January 2016 at 6.56 PM.

During this period 5 types of meteorological factors are observed day and night at 3 levels of surroundings.

The 5 factors are :-

1.      Winds (whether gentle breeze like or cool or heavy or dusty)

2.      Rain  (whether it rains and if it rains whether it is heavy or it drizzles.)

3.      Lightening (Whether lightening occurs or not, also whether rainbow appears or not)

4.      Roar of thunder (whether low, rumbling noise of thunder is heard or heavy sound of thunder is heard)

5.      Appearance of clouds (whether sky is overcast and the shape of the clouds)

The three-some observation is:-

1.      Terrestrial              

2.      Atmospheric

3.      Planetary.

The observation is applicable for the place of the observer. In olden days every village had astrologers doing that observation. Today meteorology applies to vast regions, but this ancient Indian method helps to tell on day to day basis whether a particular locality would get rains or not. For instance, though rain clouds may hover over Chennai, it need not give rain at all places in Chennai. It may have rained say, in Vadapalani  but not in Mylapore. Such differences within short distances can be predicted by this method. For this, the observer must be available in that particular place continuously at least from Margazhi to Panguni and on specific days at other months.

The basic rationale of this method of Garbottam is that the kind of meteorological features present in a particular place is related to rainfall or no rainfall that would occur in that place 195 days later! In other words, the meteorological conditions seen at any place at a particular time in space is related to rainfall or no-rain fall at the same place when earth has moved to 180 degrees away from that initial place. This can be shown by a diagram as follows:

The meteorological features present (shown as smaller circles) on day 1 at a particular place is related to the meteorological features seen after 195 days when the place is just opposite to the location on day 1.

For calculation of the day, one must be aware of the waxing and waning phase of the Moon and the days in each phase. Suppose favourable meteorological features (pregnancy features) are noticed in the waxing period of Margazhi, the rainfall would occur in the waning period 6 months later, that is, in the month of Vaikasi. The meteorological features that hovered above Chennai in the waning period of Chitthirai resulted in the century’s highest rainfall in the waxing period of Karthigai in the November - December this year.

In this model, if favourable features are observed at day time, rainfall would occur at night. If the features are noticed in the east, the rain clouds would come from the west and vice versa. If features are noticed at morning twilight, rainfall would occur at evening twilight. Like this the opposites must be ascertained for prediction.

Garbottam calculation:-

The Garbottam days have a slightly different calculation.
The rationale is that each day of the Garbottam in Pooradam in Sagittarius would have a bearing for the duration of sun's stay in every star starting from Arudra (Thrivadhirai) in the month of Aani / Gemini  in the next year. This goes upto Moola in next Margazhi.

The stars mentioned below indicate the 14 day transit of Sun in that star in the next year when rainy season will be on. Eg 1^st day of Garbottam will have an effect on 13 to 14 days of sun's transit in Thiruvadhirai. The corresponding date of Garbottam as of now is given following the day and the corresponding rainfall starting date for the year 2016 is given in brackets.

1^st day of Garbottam = 29 Dec evening (5 PM ) to 30 Dec evening- this  corresponds to rainfall (or no rainfall) features when Sun begins transit of Arudra ( 21^st June 2016)

2^nd day- 30 Dec- 31 Dec  – Punarpoosam (5^th July 2016)

3^rd day – 31 Dec – 1 Jan – Poosam (19^th July 2016)

4^th day - 1 Jan – 2 Jan – Ayilyam (2^nd August 2016)

5^th day – 2 Jan – 3 Jan – Magam (16^th August 2016)

6^th day – 3 Jan – 4 Jan  – Purva phalguni (Pooram) (30^th August 2016)

7^th day - 4 Jan – 5 Jan – Uttara Phalguni (Uttaram) (13^th September 2016)

8^th day 5 - Jan – 6 Jan – Hastha (26^th September 2016)

9^th day  - 6 Jan – 7 Jan – Chithra (10^th October 2016)

10^th day  - 7 Jan – 8 Jan – Swati (23^rd October 2016)

11^th day – 8 Jan – 9 Jan – Vishaka (6^th November 2016)

12^th day – 9 Jan – 10 Jan – Anuradha (Anusham) (19^th November 2016)

13^th day - 10 Jan -11 Jan – Jyeshta (Kettai) (2^nd December 2016)

{Note: In my previous article on general predictions for 2016 season, I noted that planetary combination for rainfall that occurred in November- December 2015 reappears in the same period in 2016 also. The dates of heavy rainfall are likely to be 18, 19 and 20 November 2016. This corresponds to the 11^th and 12^th day of Garbottam. A keen observation on these days would confirm this prospect. Rainfall astrology has layers of confirmation or rejection like this as a matter of fine-tuning the prediction.}

The interpretation is as follows:

 If on the 1^st day of Garbottam, there are dark clouds all over the sky and sun is hidden behind, it will rain here and there and every now and then in the 14 day period when Sun will be transiting Arudra (in Gemini) (starting from 21^st June 2016).

Similarly if on the 2^nd  day of Garbottam, there are dark clouds all over the sky and sun is hidden behind, it will rain here and there and every now and then in the 14 day period when Sun will be transiting Punarvasu star (in Gemini and Cancer) (starting from 15^th July 2016).

Similarly on the 3^rd  day of Garbottam, there are dark clouds all over the sky and sun is hidden behind, it will rain here and there and every now and then in the 14 day period when Sun will be transiting Poosam or Pushya star (in Cancer). (Staring from 19^th July 2016)

Like this Sun's transit in subsequent stars are noted for periods of rainfall. If it rains when Sun enters a star, it will rain throughout the period of Sun’s transit in that star.

Now the features to be observed:-

Note:- Applicable on day to day basis during Garbottam period and also after that. The prediction is for the corresponding day later, on the 195^th day..

1.      Winds:-

Gentle and agreeable wind = Good rainfall

Cool breeze from North and Northeast = good rainfall.

Heavy winds = rain clouds would gather but be shattered

Dust storm = No rains

2.      Rain

In Margazhi, usually there will be no rains. If it rains heavily (during Garbottam), rainfall on the corresponding day would be affected. A gentle rain or drizzle would give good rainfall on the corresponding day after 6 and a half months.

3.      Lightening

Lightening = good rainfall

Rainbow in the morning or evening = good rainfall

4.      Roar of thunder

Low, rumbling roar of thunder = good rainfall

Heavy sounding thunder = rain clouds would shatter away.

5.      Clouds

Sky overcast with huge, bright, dense clouds = good rainfall

Needle shaped clouds or sword shaped clouds = good rainfall

Blood red clouds = good rainfall.

Further Interpretation:-

If one any day in the months from Margazhi to Panguni all the above 5 factors are present, the quantity of the subsequent rainfall will be 1 Drona. (Drona is equal to 200 phalas. Quantification in today's terms is not known. Perhaps the rainfall on those days can be recorded and cross checked with other days when similar conditions prevailed.)

Reduce the quantity by quarter for the absence of every one factor.

Three-some observation.

1.      Terrestrial

2.      Atmospheric

3.      Planetary.

(I) Terrestrial factors to be observed.

1.      Sweet chirpings of birds.

2.      Animals moving in relaxed mood and making pleasant sounds

3.      Kids making sweet sounds and playing

4.      Trees with sprouts

5.    Trees grow without diseases.

(II) Atmospheric factors to be observed.

1.      Clouds resembling pearl or silver color

2.      Clouds in the shape of aquatic animal, huge and dense.

3.      These clouds scorched by bright sun light

4.      Gentle breeze

5.      Sun and the Moon encircled by glossy, bright and thick halo.

6.      Sky filled with bulky clouds or smooth needle like clouds (cirrus), or in the shape of sword.

7.      Clouds appearing in red or blue tint.

8.      Pleasant twilights in morning and evening.

9.      Light rumbling thunder

10.  Rainbow in the lower horizon.

11.  Red glow in the horizon at dawn and sun set. This must be seen only in Margashira and Pushya months. (Solar months also)

12.  Clouds with halos

{Note:- Presence of 3 and 4 features together of the above category would result in torrential rain on the 195^th day)

III) Planetary factors to be observed in the 4 month period.

Good for conception of rainfall

 - Planets appearing with clear and bright disc at night

-  Planets moving in Northern declinations

- Moon and stars must appear white 

Planetary features marring conception of rainfall.

·         Eclipses ( mar rainfall later on the corresponding day)

·         Planetary war (where planets are close together in such a way one planet will be crossing another.) ( mars rainfall for several days in the corresponding period.)

{Note:- During the current Garbottam period, on the 8^th and 9^th of January (10, 11^th and 12^th day of Garbottam), Saturn and Venus are conjunct within one degree.  This is the case of planetary war which mars rainfall in the corresponding period in November. Earlier we noted 11^th and 12^th day of Garbottam as having good planetary combination for rainfall in on November 18, 19 and 20^th of 2016. We must watch how this happens (on 18^th November 2016) and which feature is more powerful.

Even after Garbottam is over by 11^th January 2016, we must continue the observation as follows:

 Month-wise observation for good rainfall after 195 days:

In Margazhi –

·         red sun in the morning and evening, 

 -    sky in red colour before sunrise and after sunset.

·         clouds surrounded by halos,

·         very cold.

In Thai -

• ·         red sun in the morning and evening,

• ·         clouds surrounded by halos,

• ·          excessive snowfall.

In Maasi –

·         strong wind,

·         sun and moon must be dimmed by clouds or snowfall at sun rise and sun set,

·         fog, mist, excessive cold

-     

In Panguni –

• ·         rough and violent storms

• ·       tawny colour of the sun,

• ·         broken and imperfect halos around the sun and the moon,

• ·         glossy clouds moving across the sky

The above features ensure good 'conception of rainfall'.

In Chitthrai  and Vaikasi, sky marked by winds, clouds and halos ensure conception of rainfall which will fall 195^th day afterwards. 

The following features during these months mar conception of rainfall.

1.      Meteor showers.

2.      Thunderbolt

3.      Dust storm

4.      Appearance of city-like formation of clouds.

5.      Unnatural phenomenon in the atmosphere in colour of sky, clouds etc and at sun rise and sun set.

6.      Rainfall

7.      Sighting of comets

8.      Eclipses (No eclipses are seen during the months of observation in Tamilnadu in 2016)

9.      Spots in solar disc (sun spot maxima)

Position of Moon during the above 4 month period.

When the above 3-some favourable features of conception are present in a day when Moon is crossing Purvashada (Pooradam), Uttarashada (Uttradam), Purva Bhadrapada (Purattadhi), Uttarabhadrapada (Uttrattadhi) and Rohini, the subsequent rainfall on the 195^th day will be abundant.

When the above 3-some favourable features of conception are present in a day when Moon is crossing Arudra, Aslesha (Ayilyam) , Magha , Swati and Satabhishak (sadayam), the subsequent rains will go on for many days. On the contrary, if the 3-some factors are marred, there will be dryness.

If Moon crosses all the above mentioned stars with 3-some factors being present and marring factors being absent in Margazhi - would give rainfall for 8 days later (after 195 days).

In Thai - for 6 days

In Maasi -16 days

In Panguni – 24 days

In Chittrai– 20 days

In Vaiskasi – 3 days.

From the above details, we can deduce that this year’s (2015) continuous rains in October and November is related pregnancy features of Panguni and Chitthirai which have  a bearing for 24 days and 20 days respectively. The heaviest rainfall of the century occurred then.

This data also shows that October and November (Aippasi and Karthigai) are likely to have long spell of rainfall in any year provided the pregnancy features were good in Chitthirai and Vaikasi when Moon transited specific stars.

Conclusion:-

This observation is easy to make but must be done with care. Ancient sages and their disciples have done this observation year after year for several years, even for millennia. Since there are marring features too, we need to do the observation for a few years by checking the marring features also and assess the actual rainfall. Like any branch of science, this vigyana of rainfall offers testable and verifiable body of knowledge. Let us make use of it to complement meteorological predictions.

Note:- 

Garbottam of 14 days starting 29th Dec 2015 to 11th Jan 2016 corresponds to roughly 6 month period of rainy season starting from June 21st in the upcoming season. 

The 5 meteorological factors +3-some observation also holds good for any day from Margazhi to Vaikashi and has to be correlated to 195 day period for rainfall prediction.  

In this we see the days as follows:

Suppose the pregnancy features are seen on prathamai (thithi) in waxing period of say, Thai month, then the corresponding day is Prathamai of waning period of Aadi. (6 months later). This is how it is told in Brihad Samhita. But it will be difficult for common man. That is why I have written the 195 day count (which is also mentioned in Brihad samhita). The days of lunar months are counted to arrive at this number. 6 lunar months = 180 days. Plus half month / one phase makes it 180 +15 = 195 days. The actual occurrence of rain will be in   terms of thithis - pradamai, Dwithiyai, thrithiyai and so on. 

Is Garbottam applicable across the globe?

It must be checked. Garbottam  was seen in Tamilnadu until 3 generations ago. I have heard old timers say that. As Garbottam is associated with rishis this must have been observed throughout India.

Going by the logic of Garbottam, I think it must be applicable throughout Northern hemisphere by adding or deleting some meteorological features available in the respective regions. Based on the logic of Garbottam, people in other regions can develop the factors as applicable to their region. Anywhere in the globe,  the 195 day period must hold good. 

Tornadoes are another phenomenon that also comes under astrological scrutiny. Movement of Mars is a prominent feature in that. I am yet to study the tornado records.

Garbottam observation period for southern hemisphere is the opposite of what is in northern hemisphere. Garbottam starts for that region when Sun enters Arudra - opposite of Pooradam for Northern hemisphere. 

Paavai Nonbu to have started today – so also prayer for rainfall next season.

The Full Moon day of the month of Margazhi is a momentous day, as Paavai nonbu (பாவை நோன்பு) was done on this day. Andal started her Thiruppavai by noting the day as that of Full Moon (மதி நிறைந்த நன்னாள்). Today the 25^th December of 2015 saw Full Moon at sunrise. If we were to have followed the tradition of Paavai nonbu, we would have thronged the river banks early in the morning to take a dip in the ice cold waters of the river.

The description of the scenario given in the Sangam text of Paripaadal is exactly the same as how it is today – a land ravaged with flood waters! The recent floods and heavy rains were not anomalies in this season of the year, if we go by the description given in Paripaadal verse 11. Heavy rains have left many places with pools of water and the sound of thunder of the rainy season had just ceased (கார்வானம் கனைக்கும் அதிர்குரல் நீங்க). The sun is cool as it comes up after the rainy season that has made the land a lake (ஞாயிறு காயா நளி பின் மாரிக் குளத்து). It is for this reason the month of Margazhi was also known as “KuLam” which means tank.

However there is another clause to be fulfilled for initiating Paavai nonbu. The Full Moon must coincide with Arudra star, known as Thiruvadhirai in Tamil. This coincidence generally happens in alternate years. This year the Full Moon did not see sun rise in Arudra star. The evening Moon in Prathamai coincided with Arudra which gave the famous name ‘Arudra Darshan’. 

Tomorrow morning (26^th Dec 2015) there is going to be special puja in all Shiva temples in Tamilnadu for Lord Shiva, known as Arudra Abhishekam. The Sangam age Paavai nonbu was the precursor to this Puja. Even though Full moon combining with Arudra was the occasion to start the Nonbu, presence of Arudra is a pre-condition for this Nonbu, even if Moon has crossed Full Moon phase.

So ideally, tomorrow morning, Tamils must start the Paavai nonbu.

Why is it so important? My old article on how Paavai nonbu was done gives details on how and when it was done and also the reasons for doing it, as known from the Paripaadal verse. The outward reason was praying for happy married life. But the core reason is welfare oriented. It is to generate rainfall in the upcoming rainy season in the next year. Andal expresses it in her Thiruppavai verses 3 and 4.

She says “TheenginRi naadellaam thingal mummaari peythu” (தீங்கின்றி நாடெல்லாம் திங்கள் மும்மாரி பெய்து) in the 3^rd verse and describes the rains of the rainy season in the 4^th verse as the benefits of Paavai nonbu. The link between Paavai nonbu and rainfall which Andal highlights is also told by Varahamihira in Brihad Samhita. My article written in 2008 on the link between Paavai nonbu and rainfall can be read here.

Rainfall is regarded as “Purva Chitti” or prior wisdom. Whether it rains in a particular place or not is determined 6 and a half months (or 195 days) before that date. Terrestrial, atmospheric and heavenly (planetary) symptoms are noted right from the time of Margazhi to know whether it will rain in a place 195 days after that. Of these symptoms, terrestrial symptoms can be partially induced. That is where Paavai nonbu done by young girls is introduced to create a terrestrial ambiance. These symptoms were already written by me in the 1st part of the series on Rainfall prediction. I intend to write them again in the upcoming articles as I expect the rain ravaged people of Tamilnadu to show more interest in understanding rainfall prediction beforehand to be better prepared in the next season.  

For the kind of relevance for today’s Arudra star, let me confine myself to the importance of this day.

Arudra is the star of Lord Shiva (Rudra). Sun is signified by Rudra or Shiva. There is no need to emphasise the role of Sun in influencing the climate and particularly the rainfall. The evaporation needed for cloud formation is basically related to the Sun. The day or rather the time Sun enters the Arudra star (this happens in Gemini or in the Aani month in Tamil) is very important for rainfall prediction. That time is noted as “Arudra Pravesham” in almanacs. The day of the week, thithi, yoga, karana, lagna, Moon’s position and the time (whether night or day) are noted when Sun exactly enters Arudra in the month of Aani. That tells about the amount of rainfall in the months following that (South west monsoon).

Today is the day approximately 6 and a half months prior to that date in 2016, when Sun is just opposite to that position in Sagittarius (Margazhi) now.  Today, Moon is crossing Arudra with Sun 180 degress away from Arudra. The prayers done to Lord Shiva on this day is for an auspicious entry of the Sun in Arudra on June 21, 2016. Divine help is sought after as a first step to ensure bountiful rainy season next year. The dance of Shiva on the banks of the river on the Arudra day on Margazhi in olden, Sangam age Tamilnadu was to ensure prosperous season for the people 6 and a half months later when Sun crosses Arudra.

The upcoming year’s Arudra Pravesham is not all that good and not very bad. Sun enters Arudra on 21^st June 2016 at 11 PM in the night.  The day is Tuesday (not good), thithi is Krishna Dwitheeya (good) Brahma yoga (not good), Taitula karana (good), Kumba lagna (not good) and night time nearing mid night (good). At that time Moon will be in Sagittarius (not good) but in the watery star Pooradam (Purvashada) (Very good).

So the very first general prediction for next year’s rainfall is that there will be rains at some places through storms. Arudra pravesha on Tuesday lorded by Mars causes storms and destruction at some places and dryness at other places. Usually Mars is associated with heat and destruction. The upcoming year’s (Durmukhi) Meghadhipathi also happens to be Mars.  Association of Mars does not give good rainfall; it causes destructive rain through storms at some places. Since storms are indicated, it can be surmised that North east Monsoon will yield good rains as that monsoon is associated with storms and depressions. More Bay storms can be expected. 

The inference from this is that South west monsoon may not be helpful. The hailstorms associated with it in the beginning of the season can be expected. (These inferences must be checked and observed for a minimum of 5 to 9 years) to arrive at workable factors in rainfall prediction.)

Barring the pravesha lagna and Yoga, the thithi, karana and night time entry are favourable for good rains in general. Moon in Purvashada star is also very good for good rains.  

This is the first level prediction for rainfall in the next season. This must be combined with the kind of Megha  for the upcoming year. Readers may recall my article on 9 clouds in the 5th part of my series on rainfall prediction. The upcoming year is going to have “Neela Megham” It gives mixed trend of heavy rainfall at one place and scanty rainfall at another. (In contrast, the current year’s Vaaruna Megham gave plentiful rainfall to Tamilnadu). This matches with Arudra Pravesham on Tuesday and Mars as Meghadhipathi.

The general outlook for all the Meghas is given below.

1.      Tamo megha  (தமோ மேகம்) – brings plentiful rains.

2.      Vaayu megha  (வாயு மேகம்) –less rains. Famine conditions prevail.

3.      VaaruNa megha (வாருண மேகம்) – widespread and very heavy rains.

4.      Neela megha  (நீல மேகம்) – mixed trend. Rains heavily at one place but fails in another place.

5.      KaaLa megha  (காள மேகம்) –Rains accompanied with storms.

6.      DroNa megha  (துரோண மேகம்) – Torrential rains causing floods.

7.      Pushkala megha  (புஷ்கல மேகம்) – Heavy rains.

8.      Sangavartha megha (சங்க வர்த்த மேகம்)- Less rains – more winds.

9.      Avarttha megha  (ஆவர்த்த மேகம்)- scanty rainfall enough to wet the ground. 

The general outlook for how to assess the Arudra Pravesham (Sun’s entry into Arudra) is given below.

Star at the time of entry:- Star means the star in which moon will be transiting at that time. Bharani, Arudra, Aslesha, Magha, Chithra, Vishaka, Jyeshta are not favorable for good rainfall.  This year Purvashada will be the star at that time. This is favourable. 

Yoga at the time of entry:-  This can be checked from the almanac. Atiganda, Shoola, Ganda, Dhruvam, Vyagatam, Vyatipadam, Brahmam, Aindra and Vydhruthi are not favourable. This year Brahmam is the yoga at that time. It is not favourable.

Karana at the time of entry:- Vishti, Sakuni, Chathushpaadam, Nagavam and Kimsthugnam are not favourable. This year Thaithula karanam will be running at that time. It is favourable for good rainfall.

The Lagna at the time of entry:-  This can be known from the astrology software. The lagnas Taurus, Cancer, Libra and Pisces give good rainfall. Virgo gives stormy weather. Others are not favourable for good rains. 

The lagna must be checked for respective places. For Chennai, it is Kumbha which is not good for rainfall. 

The Kaala at the time of entry:- Day or night time must be checked. If it is sunset or mid-night, there will be good rains. If it is noon or day time there will be less rains. If it is night time, there will be medium rainfall. This year the entry happens at night and just before mid night. More than medium rainfall is assured by this. 

Location of Moon at the time of entry:- If Moon is located at watery star, watery sign, watery lagna and watery navamsa, there will be good rains.

Watery stars are Rohini, Mrigashira, Pushya, Uttara phalguni, Purvashada, Uttrashada, Uttara Bhadrapada, Hastha, Anusha, Shravana, Dhanishta, Shatabhishak and Revathy.

Watery signs are Cancer, Scorpio, Capricorn and Pisces.

This year Moon will be Sagittarius (not good) but in Purvashada (good for rains).

After this preliminary observation we must proceed with “GarbOttam” or ‘pregnancy of clouds’ that start with the entry of Sun in Purvashada star. It starts on 29^th December 2015 at 5 PM. I will continue to write on how to check Garbottam just before 29^th December.

(This short series on rainfall prediction for next year is aimed at helping interested people to track the features to be written in this series.  As per this, observation must be done on daily basis starting from 29^th, the day of Garbottam. This must be done for each region however small it may be. For instance, within the city of Chennai, it may have rained in one place and not in others. This rainfall prediction based on Vedic astrology as told by seers, must be checked and tracked for any given place and the findings would hold good for that given place only, though the overall picture is given by factors such as Arudra Pravesham and Megha as told above. It is imperative that tracking of meteorological features as per this method must happen in each and every place and for all days to come till the rainy season starts.)

My articles in Tamil on Paavai nonbu published in Tamilhindu.com can be read here:

Part 1-  http://www.tamilhindu.com/2010/01/paavai-nonbu-and-thai-neeraadal/

Part 2 - http://www.tamilhindu.com/2010/01/paavai-nonbu-and-thai-neeraadal-2/