An article that I recently read about water
tax collected in Turkey of the 2nd century CE made me curious to
know whether similar types of taxes were collected for use of water in ancient
India.
This article is about an excavated marble block that contains ‘water laws’ in force 1900 years ago in the Turkish province of Denizli..
As per this excavated block, those who
damaged the water channel or polluted water or broke the seal of the water
pipes or drew water illegally were fined. The interesting part of it is that
those who used water for personal use were also fined. This makes it appear
that the water under consideration of the water law is not meant for all and sundry
but might have been meant for some specific purpose such as maintaining a
fountain ( mentioned in the edict). This
water was flowing from the nearby Karci Mountains.
These waters were either polluted or used without permission. So the strictures
were laid by means of these water laws.
There is also a rule mentioned in these
inscriptions that those who denounced the polluters will get 1/8th
of the penalty (to polluters) as reward. Two citizens had been appointed to
safeguard the water pipes and water. And strangely enough, the water was not
supposed to be used by the farmers. The inscription says that “nobody who has
farms close to the water channels can use this water for agriculture.”
This shows that water from this source was
indeed abundant enough to irrigate the fields and at the same time, the need
for water also had existed for cultivation purpose in this area. Though Turkey
is served by the two famous rivers Euphrates and Tigris, I am not sure about
the water availability in this specific province of the then empire. But the
excavated edict seems to indicate that water theft was common.
In that sense, I think our ancient land
particularly Tamilnadu was wise enough to find ways to get water for all the
people and for all types of water needs. The very emergence of the river
Cauvery itself was a case in point as the actual geological implication of the
story of Cauvery is that a spring restricted within the peak of Kodagu hills
was made to flow down by making a hole in the mountains. The story of Cauvery
being held in the Kamandal of sage Agastya and getting released by the
toppling of it by Lord Ganesha in the form of a crow seems to indicate a
deliberate (or manual) work of tapping of the mountain to release Cauvery which
was flowing within the kamandal shaped mountains after it left Talakaveri.
Talakaveri – Cauvery at its birth place as
a spring!
From then onwards, until it reaches the Bay
of Bengal, the river had offered its bounties without fail which is made out
from an expression வான் பொய்ப்பினும் தான் பொய்யாக் காவேரி. (The rains may fail, but Cauvery never fails).
Perhaps Karikal
Cholan was the first prominent king to have laid the ‘water laws’ 2000
years ago by building a dam across the river but not to restrict the use of
water as in the Turkish edict but to facilitate the use of water for large
purposes such as irrigation.
When I scurried through the inscriptions
for water tax, I found many terms for water distribution through canals,
channels etc. Taxes were of course collected, for maintenance of the water
channel and water bodies.
There was something called “Neer nilaik kaasu” (நீர் நிலைக் காசு) that was
collected for the maintenance of lakes and tanks. Perhaps this was not paid by
everyone but only by those who drew water for their use. The cultivators had to
pay “Neer nilaik kaasu” (நீர் நிலைக் காசு)
based on the proportion of water they drew from these water bodies.
There was another type of water tax levied
on cultivators. It was calculated on the basis of time that water was drawn.
Time was measured in Nadi (naazhigai) in those days (like minutes and hours
now). Based on the Naazhigai, the tax was collected. It was known as “Vaddi Naazhi” (வட்டி நாழி ).
Sometimes entire water bodies were leased
out to cultivators who paid “KuLavadai” (குளவடை). At some places, the
maintenance of water bodies was funded not by taxes but by donation of lands.
Such land grants to take care of maintenance of water bodies were known as “Eri-p-patti” (ஏரிப் பட்டி ). There was a water board to manage these kinds of water
bodies. Those who used the water from these water bodies paid the tax by means
of the produce from their cultivation. Such payments were known as “Eri aayam” (ஏரியாயம்). Those who wanted to fish in these water bodies had to pay “Eri meen” (ஏரி மீன்).
In general someone who wanted to use the
common water body had to pay a tax as
money or by means of the produce they made using the water. The tax amounts
were used for the upkeep of these water bodies. This also shows that common
folks who drew water for household use were not taxed. But polluting the waters
was something unheard of and everyone knew their responsibility in keeping the
water bodies free of pollution. The absence of mention of any penalty or fine
for misuse or pollution of the water bodies testifies this.
There were exclusive water channels for
drinking purpose. They were known as “Chenneer
podhuviLai” (செந்நீர் பொதுவிளை ).
Chenneer means clear water. For the maintenance of these clear water bodies, a
tax was collected by name “Chenneer vettti” (செந்நீர் வெட்டி ).
Apart from Chenneer from fresh water flows
or rivers, common wells and wells in individual houses fulfilled the need for
drinking water. Womenfolk had used rivers for bathing purposes which is made out from the last verse of the Thiru-p-palliyezhuchi verses of Thondar adi-p podi Azhwar.
So far I have not come across water tax for drinking and household purposes. Water conservation by means wells and tanks had been a norm everywhere. The protection and growth of trees that help to detect underground water veins is also a feature we come across in ancient Tamil texts. The scenario of the ancient Tamil lands gives an appearance of an informed society that protected and worshiped water.
So far I have not come across water tax for drinking and household purposes. Water conservation by means wells and tanks had been a norm everywhere. The protection and growth of trees that help to detect underground water veins is also a feature we come across in ancient Tamil texts. The scenario of the ancient Tamil lands gives an appearance of an informed society that protected and worshiped water.
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From
Marble block inscribed with 'water law' found in Laodicea
A marble block, considered the “water law” from
1,900 years ago, has been unearthed in the ancient city of Laodicea in the
western Turkish province of Denizli.
The marble inscribed with the 'water law'
found at ancient Laodicea [Credit: AA]
The block, which is 90 centimeters in height and 116 centimeters in width, has revealed the use of water in the city had been managed by law, which involved a penalty ranging from 5,000 to 12,500 denarius. The “water law” marble block dating back to 114 A.D. included strict measures regarding the use of water coming from the Karcı Mountain through channels to the city, as well as the use of a fountain dedicated to Roman Emperor Traianus.
The block, which is 90 centimeters in height and 116 centimeters in width, has revealed the use of water in the city had been managed by law, which involved a penalty ranging from 5,000 to 12,500 denarius. The “water law” marble block dating back to 114 A.D. included strict measures regarding the use of water coming from the Karcı Mountain through channels to the city, as well as the use of a fountain dedicated to Roman Emperor Traianus.
The rules were prepared by Anatolian State
Governor Aulus Vicirius Matrialis. The excavation works, led by Pamukkale
University and supported by Denizli Municipality, have continued on Stadium
Street in the ancient site. Excavations head Professor Celal Şimşek of
Pamukkale University, said, “The Laodicea Assembly made this law in 114 A.D.
and presented it to a Roman governor in Ephesus for approval. The governor
approved the law on behalf of the empire. Water was vital for the city.
This is why there were heavy penalties
against those who polluted the water, damaged the water channels or reopening
the sealed water pipes. Breaking the law was subject to a penalty of about
12,500 denarius.” Şimşek said the 1,900-year-old rules to prevent water
pollution had a very special place, adding, “The fine for damaging the water
channel or polluting the water is 5,000 denarius. The fine is the same for
those who break the seal and attempt illegal use. Also, there are penalties for
senior staff that overlook the illegal use of water. They pay 12,500 denarius.
Those who denounce the polluters are given one-eighth of the penalty as a reward,
according to the rules.” Some of the rules, written in Greek, included the
following:
“Those who divide the water for his
personal use, should pay 5,000 denarius to the empire treasury; it is forbidden
to use the city water for free or grant it to private individuals; those who
buy the water cannot violate the Vespasian Edict; those who damage water pipes
should pay 5,000 denarius; protective roofs should be established for the water
depots and water pipes in the city; the governor’s office [will] appoint two
citizens as curators every year to ensure the safety of the water resource;
nobody who has farms close to the water channels can use this water for
agriculture.”
In
the last seven years, excavation work in the ancient city of Laodicea has unearthed
some 2,300 artifacts as well as the Laodicea Church, the monumental columns of
North Sacred Agora and Central Agora and half of Stadium Street, along with
others.
The Laodicea site’s excavation work was
also known as the largest systematic excavation organization in Turkey and has
hosted thousands of tourists in the last seven years, in addition to inspiring
hundreds of scientific articles along with six scientific books.
Source: Hurriyet Daily News [August 21,
2015]
